Ethical and Human Issues in Health Care Research Paper

Moral and Human Issues in Health Care - Research Paper Example Wellbeing disparities produce gives that profoundly question our ethical feelings. Any general public ought to furnish its individuals with the essential conditions for accomplishing the most ideal wellbeing, as this prompts a satisfied and helpful life. Such is the interest of equity in wellbeing. This perspective renders a worldwide network low on the off chance that it allows the untimely death of people. It should, truth be told, advance the monetary and social conditions that are fundamental for safeguarding life (Ruger, 2006, p. 1002). An isolation of the citizenry based on hardship is to be accomplished. This thusly plainly recognizes the people who are in pressing need of access to social insurance. Realize that this intercession doesn't forsake the improvement of the normal wellbeing (Ruger, 2006, p. 1002). In addition, the arrangement of clinical offices to the gatherings possessing the focal point of the evil wellbeing range isn't disposed of in this undertaking. Therefore , all inclusive wellbeing inclusion is elevated as to sicknesses, for example, AIDS, jungle fever and tuberculosis (Ruger, 2006, p. 1002). These sicknesses have been believed to be common to an a lot more prominent degree among the hindered segments of society. Also, there is a nearby relationship between's worldwide wellbeing and wellbeing and human rights. This relationship is established on the natural estimation of each person and the privileges of an individual that get from the neighborhood and worldwide network. It is the target of worldwide wellbeing to guarantee these rights.

The elements of a Validated Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The components of a Validated Contract - Essay Example A proposition is a demonstration when an individual needs to accomplish something or keep away from and shares this idea or thought to somebody, thinking or needing that specific individual to act or think similarly. An offer is a guarantee that limits an individual remembering that all the terms and conditions are unveiled and acknowledged too. It implies that there must be acknowledgment of precisely what has been offered as a proposition. This is the initial move towards making an agreement. Such a proposition or offer when acknowledged, it turns into a â€Å"promise†. Every one of these activities depend on the goal to make a lawful relationship. For the most part, there isn't any intension to make a lawful relationship in every day schedule understandings. Nonetheless, for a legitimate agreement, the understanding or acknowledgment must be on lawful bases. An individual who caused a proposal to can pull back the offer that has been made before it is acknowledged. To make the withdrawal fruitful, the individual who has proposed the offer, should banter with the other party and illuminate them in clear terms that the offer has been pulled back, and it doesn’t exists any longer. So also the acknowledgment must be made and conveyed to the offerer. ... An understanding without thought is viewed as void. Thought remains as the reason or reason of the guarantee. Thought is a fundamental piece of an agreement. Thought is additionally named as â€Å"object†. The item should be legal for consent to be called as agreement. For whatever length of time that thought exists, the law doesn't address about its reasonableness and limit. Without this, an understanding isn't worthy or it isn't treated as a legitimate agreement. The thought ought not be unlawful or difficult to perform by any of the two gatherings included. A thought is unlawful on the off chance that it is taboo by law, fake and the courts proclaimed it as indecent act. A guarantee is constantly made in kind of a guarantee. That guarantee must be moral and legal. 3. Lawful Capacity: There are a few limitations with respect to entrance into a legitimate agreement. It is important for both the gatherings of the agreement to be totally ready to react to the agreement. The two gatherings must be capable of entering the agreement and in the event that they can't deal with the agreement, at that point the understanding won't prompt a substantial agreement. Each gathering must be completely mindful of the considerable number of rules and limitations. Likewise it ought to be sufficiently experienced to manage the agreement. As far as law, a gathering ought to be of â€Å"age of majority† and â€Å"sound mind†. These words obviously imply that gatherings must be developed enough for the agreement. There are referenced a few gatherings of individuals which include a dangerous assent and are managed in a different manner under determines rules for them. Such gatherings comprises individuals like bankrupts, detainees, organizations the individuals who are intellectually weakened. Limit and assent of these individuals are brought into thought while talking about such cases. 4. A lawful reason: In our every day life, we

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Morals - Essay Example This paper builds up a concise individual code of morals, the essential principles of which incorporate moral lead toward others, regard, correspondence, and individual responsibility. Reason An individual code of morals is an impression of the most profound good and moral qualities, which are crucial and fundamental for the future individual and expert achievement (Long 14). These qualities manage the lives of people, make and continue self-character, advance confidence, and make people enabled in close to home and expert long lasting (14). This individual set of accepted rules gives powerful working definitions and guidelines for following individual moral and virtues of regard, balance, and responsibility. The code of morals guarantees individual responsibility to these qualities (Barbeito 122). The individual code of morals is a proper archive which underpins and affirms individual duty to the best expectations of moral execution and lead. ... 1. Moral qualities: to take part in learning and consistently grow the information on moral standards and qualities. 2. Uniformity: to guarantee that every relative and companion gets adequate consideration and that the necessities of all are thought of. 3. Regard: to be honest with everybody, maintain a strategic distance from gruff articulations, striking cases, and any control of others’ feelings and emotions. 4. Responsibility: to focus on what others are stating about the activities and choices that bear their results on them. Requirement The vital objective of upholding this code of morals is to ensure that practices and choices are moral (Kidder 24; Verschoor 20). Requirement doesn't target forcing discipline for dishonest choices and acts. For the points of compelling implementation, any infringement of the code is considered as a type of genuine unfortunate behavior. Law saves its priority over the moral code (Kidder 27). Ordinary/nonstop training turns into the top n eed in guaranteeing and implementing moral practices and choices. These components will serve a viable driver of individual moral practices and the wellspring of ceaseless information improvement about morals. Works Cited Barbeito, C.L. Human Resource Policies and Procedures for Nonprofit Organizations. John Wiley and Sons. Kidder, R.M. How great individuals settle on intense decisions. New York: Fireside, 1995. Long, D.H. Making the best choice: A Real Estate Practitioner’s Guide to Ethical Decision Making. Cengage Learning. Verschoor, C. â€Å"Is Your Ethics Code Based on Compliance or Values?† Strategic Finance, 82 (2000),

Traumatic Shoulder Injury Rugby Union Health And Social Care Essay

Named a hit sports by numerous athleticss sawboness the idea of Rugby Union results in relatively high paces of awful damages contrasted with different athleticss ( Sundaram et. al 2010 ) . Epidemiologic Injury Incidence Rates ( IIR ) show that members who miss in any event 24hrs of sports scope from 69-218 occurrences for every 1000hrs of dramatization, with increasingly genuine IIRs being recorded each piece much of the time as 13.26-13.95/1000hrs ( McManus et al. 2004, Garraway et Al. 1995 ) . New Australian epidemiological research of a major accomplice of 1475 rugger members over all degrees of rivalry ( School kid, beginner, foundation, proficient ) have discovered that 14-28 % of whole rugger harms include the upper appendage ( McManus et al 2008, Usman 2012 ) , explicitly 66 % or an IIR of 13.12/1000hrs happening to the shoulder verbalization with damages, for example, ; Anterior Dislocations and breaks ( Usman et al 2012 ) .These upper appendage harms have been related with the longest clasp out of show, measured as multiple matches/28days or more, in the Australian study ( Usman et al 2012 ) . The entirety of this data demonstrates that upper appendage harms have a truly elevated commonness in the sports and are other than rather exhausting. In contrasting with IIRs related with rugger members, everybody paces of Anterior interruption are each piece low as 1.7 % ( Boone 2010 ) .Considering this dissimilarity in factual occurring between the 2 populaces, the weakening idea of this hurt to rugby members and the way that it is incredibly prone to appear in a physical issue puting I have decided to think the parity of this paper on Anterior Dislocations of the shoulder.Anatomy and MechanismsPrior to talking the instrument of hurt engaged with this rugger related pathology, it is of import to principal determine what comprises the typical anatomical developments of the shoulder articulation.Normal AnatomyThe shoulder explanation takes into consideration th e most expanded extents of movements ( ROM ) in the full natural structure, due mainly to the structure of the GlenoHumeral Joint ( GHJ ) composite. This huge opportunity of movement relies upon stableness of the joint to remain dynamic and is accomplished by the latent and dynamic stabilizers: Dormant stabilizers incorporate ; the glenoid labrum which expands the otic contact nation by up to 50 % , the outward coracoacromial curve and characteristic tendons connecting the humeral caput and the shoulder bone. Dynamic stabilizers incorporate ; the rotator turnup musculuss referred to mutually as SITS. Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor and Subscapularis. The GHJ and its related developments are innervated by the suprascapular, sidelong pecs and alar nervousnesss. The two gatherings referenced above work in simultaneousness to keep up the humeral caput in close verbalization with the glenoid pit and gracefully significant stableness so as to flexibly a generally working enunciation. ( Moore et al. 2009 )Mechanism of InjuryAs rugger is a hit sports with a few members at fast ordinarily associated with any one occurrence, it is extremely hard to decide one positive instrument of hurt. When addressed members are much of the time cloud within informations of the component, yet it is accounted for that contact ( for example tackle condition of affairss ) is liable for 70 % of GHJ harms ( Usman et al 2012 ) with foul dramatization only being liable for 6 % ( Crichton et al. 2012 ) .This is nothing unexpected as handling has been demonstrated to be a significant segment of the game with around 330 occurrences for every game ( Sundaram et al 2010 ) . Strangely in any case attempted when estimated with the utilization of power tablets does non practice a high bounty power to do damage to the developments in the shoulder. Usman et Al ( 2011 ) estimated legitimate strategy tackle powers using predominant and non-prevailing shoulders both in the lab and on the field. The discoveries exhibited that endeavor just created a large portion of the aggregate of power important to do horrendous mischief to the shoulder. In this way there is more components to the instrument of GHJ hurt than simply power through endeavor altogether. Accordingly surveies have made use of picture investigation to rethink a major base of GHJ harms so as to set up an instrument of hurt. It was discovered that there are three old style places ( c. f. addendum I ) in which GHJ happens in rugger ; The attempt scorer: plunging and making with the arm flexed above 90A ° Tackler: Abducted arm driven behind the member with a resulting back power Direct Impact: Impact to bear from hit or land. Marginally flexed or generic with some inside revolving movement ( Crichton et al 2012 ) The Try-scorer and tackler were the most well-known gatherings for labral and humeral caput harms occurring in Antereoinferior GHJ disturbances, as the caput of the humerus is influenced by a switch activity from power transmitted through the arm in an inappropriate spot ( Crichton et al 2012 ) . This represents it is non undertaking that is the reason for hurt yet more so off-base method during a tackle or in contact with the land. The start of this inappropriate method is probably going to be because of tire occurring during the game. Handling was demonstrated to be an exhausting movement as less power was created with each tackle rehash when estimated ( Usman et al. 2011 ) Fatigue has other than been appeared to hold a negative result on an athlete ‘s propioception or joint spot sense ( JPS ) . As exhaustion expansion mechanoreceptors around the GHJ musculuss can non precisely depict JPS. Thusly during contact the athlete will non hold their GHJ in the ideal spot to retain t he power following in hurt, for example, those depicted above from less useful handling ( Herrington 2008 and 2010, Sundaram et al 2010, Usman et al 2011 ) .Repetitive over-burdening of the inert stabilizers through wrong endeavor strategy can other than do ineptitude of the GHJ taking to smaller scale injury over clasp lastly sprain/separation of the joint ( Goldberg et al 2003 ) .Other danger factors that have other than been demonstrated to loan factors incorporate ; achievement, playing experience, hardware, old damages, playing spot and level of rivalry ( Usman et al 2011 )PathoanatomyIn Antereoinferior GHJ disengagements the humeral caput is constrained down through the insufficient mediocre case and anteriorly because of the boney squares of the acromial procedure, coracoid methodology and its tie ining tendon resulting in a total tear and burst of the container in many cases. Similarly great as the ligamentous case hurt there is other than related mischief to both delicate t issue and bone ( Thomas et al 2007 ) . Regarding delicate tissue injury the most widely recognized pathoanatomy of delicate tissue is a Bankart sore ( Boone et al 2010 ) . This is a withdrawal of the anteroinferior Labrum and Inferior GH tendon with a more remote 50 % of these appearing with related break of the Anterior edge of the glenoid pit ( Boone et al 2010 ) . Both of these happen when the humeral caput is constrained out of the pit during interruption. In the event that non treated conventionally, these injuries will take to an interminable shakiness in the practiced shoulder, taking to repetitive interruptions as is seen in 21.5 % of frequencies during the principal lucifer after come back to play ( Usman et al 2012 ) . Lasting interruptions are normal in rugger because of a figure of elements, for example, early come back to play, non-careful intercession with stableness and different components referenced above in instruments. Repeat causes the figure of developments included and the disagreeableness to build dramatically.The figure of Anterioinferior labral sores expansion ( Doo-sup et al. , 2010 ) , Osseous Bankart injuries other than increment up to 56-86 % with enduring dislocators joined with a 67-100 % likeliness of other than holding a Hill-Sachs break ( Boone et al. , 2010, Beran et al. , 2010 ) . Slopes Sachs injuries happen on the postereo-horizontal caput of the humerus as it impacts on the glenoid pit.PresentationHistoryOn appearing to An and A ; E the patient will more than likely depict one of the three situations above, saying that their arm was stole and remotely turned at the clasp of contact. They will other than depict to holding felt a socially awkward act and â€Å" dead â₠¬  shoulder after the episode ( Goldberg et al. , 2003 ) . The other boss indication appearing with a disconnected shoulder are horrendous harming and decreased extent of motion. The patient will other than keep their arm monitored in little snatching and outside rotating motion.ExaminationExpression: The patient will hope to hold tiny ROM while discasing. The shoulder will look â€Å" squared off † with loss of deltoid shape. Feel: The humeral caput is unmistakable anteriorly in the subcoracoid part. It is other than of import to contrast reciprocal outspread throbs with administer out vascular hurt and to demonstrate the alar nervus in the ‘regimental identification mark ‘ over the deltoid respectively. Move: Active movement ; the patient can't complete Apley ‘s scraped area preliminary, for example contact inverse shoulder, inverse shoulder bone, back of the cervix. In Passive movement the patient will resist snatching and interior rotational movement. Creative mind: This must be done to oversee out differential diagnosings of clavicular or humeral breaks. A shoulder injury arrangement ought to other than be requested Pre and Post decline. An AP or alar X raies are the most appropriate for Anterior interruptions. Post decline motion pictures are profoundly of import as 37.5 % of breaks such Hills-Sachs are seeable that would hold been missed Pre-decrease. ( Thomas et al. 2007 )Treatment and RecoverySuitable absense of pain and musculus relaxants ought to be chosen, by the by intra-articular infusions of lignocaine have been related with less entanglements and diminished undergarments than customary IV sedative absense of pain ( Wakai et al 2011 ) . The accompanying measure is to in a flash chopped down the shoulder, as an effective lessening is typically connected with an articulated dec

The Great Dangers of Civil Disobedience

Van Dudes expressly disproves the ideas of Thoreau proposing that they, as the title of his work recommends, pulverize majority rule government. Van Dudes feels that when man ignores the law and isolates from the equitable society he feels has fizzled, he basically drives popular government further towards disappointment. While the finishes spread out by Thoreau in Walden and Civil Disobedience, and Martin Luther King Jar. In Letter From Birmingham Jail, might be totally legitimate, the mean by which they decided to attempt to accomplish them, common noncompliance, is followed up on without genuine comprehension of its negative effect on majority rule society as indicated by Lewis H.Van Dudes. While Henry David Thoreau appears to feel he is introducing the beliefs for how one should carry on with their life and how government should work, in actuality he Is passing on an unreasonable message with unfavorable impacts. In his work Walden, Thoreau plots the fundamental thoughts of intro spective philosophy and keeps a record of his time spent living in the Walden woods. It is in the Walden woods that Thoreau closes, â€Å"If we do not†¦ Forge rails, and give days and evenings to the work, yet go to tinkering upon our lives o improve them, who will construct railroads?†¦ Ho will need Thoreau Is passing on the message that inside American culture man has turns out to be so overwhelmed by his own life that he has overlooked endeavoring towards movement. Thoreau feels that If each man invests his energy worried about minor detail, and the material things society has characterized as images of achievement. Man won't advance, he will just carry on with a repetitive life during which nothing of significance happens. While Thoreau presents his thoughts with extraordinary certainty he before long finds that man characteristically can't surrender all trip and custom, along these lines making his idea of greatness impractical.More Important than the Impracticality of introspective philosophy Is Thoreau Interpretation of what he is introducing. Thoreau feels he is giving the case of a man who rises above cultural limitations and carrying on with his life without limit. As a general rule Thoreau is particularly dodging society totally by taking up this alleged extraordinary way of life. Lewis H. Van Dudes presents the Idea that call rebellion Is a lot of an inevitable outcome. In setting off to the forested areas Thoreau doesn't â€Å"build railroads† however rather leaves them to be worked by the world which he has lost confidence in.By leaving the structure of railways, basically the coordinating of society, to a general public he feels is extremely constrained because of profoundly Ingrained everyday practice and custom, Thoreau expels the Influence he may have conceivably had. This expulsion of Influence doesn't lead the railways to taking the shape Thoreau wanted however rather lets a general public he as of now doesn't 1 OFF nave T all n In make youngster In any way high schooler please. At the point when man chooses to rise above, en truly maintains a strategic distance from society and doesn't assemble railways however rather runs from them. Henry David Thoreau presents his thoughts for accomplishing better government in his work Civil Disobedience.As the title of his work proposes, Thoreau felt common insubordination, a type of peaceful dissent of laws, was the way to guaranteeing an administration doesn't over expand its authority over its kin. In Civil Disobedience Thoreau states, â€Å"The just commitment which I reserve a privilege to accept that is to do whenever what I believe is right†(l). Thoreau implies that legislative laws compel individuals. He feels as though man can't genuinely live inside a general public drove by a legislature that â€Å"restricts† him by forcing laws and anticipating that adherence should them.While Thoreau feels that an administration that didn't force itself upon him would best permit man to thrive, it is Thoreau very conviction that he ought to have the option to do what he feels is correct that might make disorder. Van Dudes contends that to overstep the law is to see oneself as exempt from the laws that apply to everyone else, and if everybody feels they are exempt from the laws that apply to everyone else society can't work. In the event that nobody settles duties or supports government society doesn't thrive rather it perishes. While a composed exertion against government might prompt informal outcomes, when all individuals oppose the laws right now set up the outcomes are not really ideal.Simply in light of the fact that numerous individuals can't help contradicting the law doesn't mean they have similar conclusions on what the correct laws are. Surrender of laws would potentially, and likely outcome in the advancement of groups and these isolated groups could bring about the improvement of a condition of rebellion. While Thoreau felt he was passing on the reason for incredible improvement in the public arena, should his scholarly thoughts be taken to fulfillment the chance of disorder could be ever present. Martin Luther King Jar. Ostensibly one of the most compelling Americans ever, depended upon common defiance as a technique for accomplishing his definitive objective, the disposal of isolation. During one of his peaceful fights King was captured and set in a Birmingham Jail. In the wake of being censured by the priests of Birmingham King composed his Letter From Birmingham Jail. Inside this letter King endeavors to Justify the requirement for his demonstrations of common noncompliance. Ruler claims there is a need for common noncompliance to achieve change.King's objective was, no ifs, ands or buts, Just and vital anyway his techniques for accomplishing his objective were most certainly not. In his letter King expressed, â€Å"One has a lawful as well as an ethical duty to comply with Just laws. On the other hand, one has an ethical duty to ignore crooked laws. I would concur with SST. Augustine that ‘an crooked law is no law at standard 12). Lord takes a fundamentally the same as position to Thoreau in concluding that it is man's obligation to resist laws he finds crooked. Lord is proposing that to think a law is uncalled for yet do nothing is Just s terrible as aimlessly observing the law in the first place.King is persuaded that solitary common defiance could bring the outcomes he wanted. While King's objective to end the isolation of African Americans and whites in America was clearly one critical, his techniques were not as perfect. Van Dudes would contend that by demanding resisting laws, Martin Luther King was requesting African Americans and others to pull away from the potential solution to their concern. Lord was basically abandoning the popular government that he felt mistreated him. While popular government is naturally defective it despite everything takes into consideration all who calmly hold fast to it can have an influence.King doesn't persistently trust that the procedures of vote based system will express what is on his mind. Rather , Klan places polishes above vote based system Ana demands toners ay ten same. Just in forsaking majority rule government does it genuinely fizzle, not because of its own inalienable shortcomings, yet because of the supposition of disappointment by the individuals who surrender it. Lewis H. Van Dudes, in his Civil Disobedience: Destroyer of Democracy, endeavors to invalidate the convictions of each one of the individuals who favor common noncompliance. Van Dudes straightforwardly forbids Thoreau in saying, â€Å"Thoreau position isn't just ethically reckless however politically reprehensible.When residents in a majority rule government are approached to make a calling of confidence, the common insubordinate offer just an admission of disappointment. † Van Dudes is passing on the possibility that T horeau convictions are unsatisfactory on the grounds that what he feels to be a moving message for additional advancement, is essentially a premonition message of unavoidable disappointment. Thoreau considers considerate to be as the declaration of a higher man who is reluctant to represent moral shameful acts. Then again, Van Dudes contends that Thoreau thoughts propose to man that he should abandon his push to make change.By venturing ceaselessly from American majority rule government and society the normal brought into the world option to attempt to coordinate popular government in the manners you wish is lost. Van Dudes additionally negates the possibility that man should, whenever, dismiss the law when he states, â€Å"There is no man who is exempt from the rules that everyone else follows, and there is no man who has an option to overstep the law. Common noncompliance isn't exempt from the laws that apply to everyone else, except illegal. † Van Dudes is clarifying that are just two sorts of residents, the individuals who comply with the law ND the individuals who ignore the law. Common defiance isn't an escape clause or hazy area it is essentially a celebrated Justification for breaking the law.Simply on the grounds that such a celebrated clarification is introduced doesn't mean one should hook onto it. Man inside a majority rules system should bolster it in order to make it better, not overlook it since he doesn't favor of it in its present state. Lewis H. Van Disuse's contention uncovers the potential risks of the apparently Justified contention for common defiance. Lewis H. Van Dudes invalidates both Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King's contentions for common insubordination. Thoreau trusted in an approach of common defiance in attempting to keep fair government from abusing its people.King felt that common noncompliance was an essential measure in stopping isolation. Van Dudes makes apparent the potential risks of the two men's thought s. Van Dudes brings to the bleeding edge the potential for political disturbance should the message of either King or Thoreau be incorporated. While King and Thoreau both feel they are introducing the strategy by which society can better itself, Van Dudes sakes it clear that their thoughts suggest individuals should abandon an administration that doesn't agree precisely with their convictions.

The Problem with 6 Digits Dating

What began of as a respectable demonstration of sparing some memory space ended up being a shudder, fit for trembling the world to its center. At the point when lady innovators set the year with two digits rather than four, little did they understand that by first January 2000 it would cause number juggling wrongdoings and confounds the whole framework. For instance, a bank exchange on the 25th of July 1997 would be recorded as 07/25/97. Numerous product add the worth 1900 to the two digits code to ascertain the genuine year. A Visa charged on first of January 2000 would need to hold up under the enthusiasm of 99 years in light of the fact that the exchange date would peruse 01/01/00. This implies the PCs expect that a similar exchange occurred on 01/01/1900. Another serious issue with six digits dating happens when we will in general analyze the pre and post †2000 dates. For instance, 01/09/99 and 01/01/00, when changed over into a basic code they would peruse 990901 and 000101 individually. Clearly 990901 is more seasoned than 000101, which as a general rule isn't correct. As the PCs can't process the present date as year 2000 walks in, it is additionally unfit to ascertain the jump year. All years detachable by 4 is considered as a jump year aside from hundreds of years. A century will be considered as a jump year in particular in the event that it is separable by 400. For instance, 1996 is considered as a jump year since it is detachable by 4 (1996 4 = 499) wherelse 1997 isn't (1997/4 = 499.25). On the hand the hand, 1900 isn't a jump year for it isn't distinguishable by 400 (1900/400=4.75). Year 2000 is a jump year for it is distinct by 400 (2000/400 = 5) (regarding clarification from: http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/RGO/flyers/leapyear/leapyear.html). As we step into the year 2000, existing PCs won't have the option to separate the two digits year any longer. The â€Å"00† date field may be accepted as 1900 rather than 2000. Along these lines computations that include a date would give wrong answers. On the first of January 2000, PCs will characterize this day as 01/01/00 and views the year as 1900, abandoning us 99 years time. This will interfere with open administrations, bank exchanges, credit premium figurings and some more, causing considerable loss of billions of dollars. Just a couple of frameworks could be saved from the Y2K and it has been assessed that there are 500 billion lines of utilization code around the world, with some 85% of which should be revised. Different reports expressed that by the turn of the thousand years, as much as half of all organizations which neglected to address the year 2000 test would self-destruct. Other than being destructive, costly and broad, the year 2000 issue influences equipment (BIOS, constant tickers), installed firmware, dialects and compilers, working frameworks, arbitrary number generators, database the executives frameworks, exchange preparing frameworks, banking frameworks, PBX, flight planning and whatever other framework that manages dates. Riding the net would demonstrate that the Y2K's mindfulness level is developing with all the more destinations committed to this issue. Directors and IT assets are turning out to be abandoned contemplating their future as 31st December 1999 moves in. Realizing that there will be an IT debacle doesn't help much particularly when there are barely any assets to deal with the issue. A good guess to make answers for the Y2K issue focused on something like US $400 - 600 billion dollars around the world. An extra 200,000 COBOL software engineers will likewise be required. Associations are not by any means the only ones that will experience the ill effects of the harmful thousand years bug, it very well may be anybody, even a PC client.

Middle School Expository Essay Topics

Middle School Expository Essay TopicsThe use of expository essay topics can really add the most realistic and sensible point to the middle school homework assignments. It is not only the kids who are learning. Teachers who go through this phase too are also trying to write in a more realistic way. Essay topics have become much more useful than before.Expository essay topics come with two types, the one-time essay topic and the long essay topic. Both are well planned and written. But in order to achieve success you need to make your work more perfect. If you want to do the work properly and quickly you have to be able to decide on the best topic for the particular assignment. For instance, if you are assigned the essay topic of 'Regretting' you have to find something which is related to this.There are many opportunities to research on such topics and many people who would provide you with the best references. There are many web sites which would give you a list of all the resources wh ich are available online. So you can go through these resources before you decide on the best essay topic.The topic you have to choose should be related to your subject area. This will help you decide on the right topic.Once you have decided on the essay topic you should take a few things into consideration, first of all it is essential that you have a thorough knowledge of your subject. This will help you to deliver the right message and does not make you look unprofessional. You have to state your point clearly without giving any gaps or pauses.You may write a middle school expository essay topic for the competition in the middle school or high school level. The prizes will be given to the best essay. But you may want to win something else. There is a limit of the number of essays you can submit for the competition.To write a difficult topic you will require a lot of patience and commitment. The proper technique of writing is not easy to master. Even if you can get hold of it; it would still require a lot of effort on your part. If you feel that you are unable to reach your aim, you will have to search for other ways to achieve it.When you are working on an essay for middle school or high school, you must be careful on what subject you choose to write. You cannot be tempted to write about any topic that is unpopular or will not be appreciated by the teachers. This can bring about wrong assumptions or help you to commit some grammatical errors. So do not be tempted by such things.

How to Avoid Aggressive Communication If You Have SAD

How to Avoid Aggressive Communication If You Have SAD Social Anxiety Disorder Symptoms Print Aggressive Communication and Social Anxiety Disorder By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 29, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on January 31, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Greta Marie / Getty Images Aggressive communication is  a method of expressing needs and desires that does not take in to account the welfare of others. A harmful communication style, aggressive communication can end up worsening social anxiety by making others view you more harshly. In turn, this can lower your self-esteem as you worry you are being judged negatively by those around you.?? If you have  social anxiety, you may have suppressed your own needs for so long that you end up resorting to aggressive communication. Learning how to be assertive will help you to better manage your emotions so that they dont reach a boiling point. What Is Aggressive Communication? During aggressive communication, you stand up for yourself in a way that is  inappropriate and may violate the rights of others.?? You may find that people seem exhausted, overwhelmed or drained after talking with you when you are in an aggressive state. Some people also establish their superiority through aggressive communication by putting  others down. Verbal characteristics of aggressive communication include sarcasm, a harsh tone of voice and condescending statements like How could you think that was a good idea? orDont be stupid. Nonverbal cues of aggressive communication include Intruding into someones personal spaceAggressive gestures like pointing or clenched fistsSneering and smirking?? Whereas assertive communication has a goal of meeting the needs of others and yourself, aggressive communication serves no purpose other than to vent frustrations and hurt others. When you communicate in this way, you are not seeking a solutionâ€"rather you are letting your emotions get the best of you. Why Its Harmful In the moment, aggressive communication can feel very satisfying, particularly if you have social anxiety and are used to not speaking up. You may get your way by bullying others and it may give you a sense of power and control. If you lack this feeling in your life, you may become addicted to it through aggressive communication.?? However, aggressive communication is likely to result  in the development of enemies and hurt relationships with loved ones.?? After you have hurt someone you care about, you may feel shame or guilt.?? This can also inhibit your social skills and make future social situations much more difficult for you. In this way, communicating aggressively becomes a vicious cycle from which you cannot escape.?? Finding Better Ways to Communicate Rather than depending on the anger and bluster of aggressive communication, many people with social anxiety find it beneficial to learn assertive communication skills.?? In assertive communication, you convey your needs openly and honestly, without impeding the needs of others. Instead of a harsh tone and aggressive gestures, verbal characteristics of assertive communication include?? A firm but relaxed toneThe use of I statements like, I was hurt when you ignored me. Assertive communication respects personal space and does not involve yelling or intimidation. You are seeking to have others understand your needs so that they can be met, as well as learning of the needs of others so that you can help them as well. During assertive communication, you listen respectfully to truly hear the other person. The more you stand up for yourself without harming others in the process??, the more your self-esteem will grow. With social anxiety, its common to let anger build up.?? But with assertive communication, you address things calmly in the moment so that resentment does not develop. A Word From Verywell Learning to progress from aggressive communication to assertive communication can be a difficult process. Many with social anxiety find that a skilled therapist with experience in anxiety disorders can be a huge help.?? Your healthcare provider can help you identify situations in which you rely on aggressiveness and will help you develop strategies to combat the desire to respond aggressively. Together, you will work on developing assertive communication skills and will practice different situations so you are prepared to handle them appropriately. Over time, you will be able to assert yourself firmly but responsibly, without harming others through force or intimidation. This can be a major step forward in your social anxiety treatment plan.

Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations

Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Academic Discipline: International Relations Course Name: IR Theory Assignment Subject: Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Academic Level: Graduate Referencing Style: MLA Word Count: 1,567 A productive assumption informing much of international relations theory and foreign policy analysis since the 1950s has been the pursuit of rationality by utility maximizing actors. While rationalism has provided a ‘policy-relevant’ means of not only interpreting the endless complexity of international politics, but also predicting likely future behaviour â€" it is increasingly questionable whether such assumptions are adequate. Academics interested in the foreign-policy psychology have questioned the presumed rationality of policy actors while interrogating the intersections of various levels of analysis â€" for example, the individual, the state and the system writ large. This paper examines one aspect of this interrogation: the study of emotion. In conducting this analysis, this paper will argue that the discipline requires a greater appreciation of the links between mind and body, and between emotion and rationality. Indeed, the discipline of international relations is argua bly well-situated to question whether reason and emotion truly exist in opposition at all. The relationship between affect (embodied impetus to act) and emotion has a long history in sociology and neuroscience, and while this paper cannot hope to do justice to the nuances and breadth of these analyses, it can touch on some central arguments that might be engaged productively in the study of international relations and foreign policy. The affective systems in the brain are functionally linked to the cognitive processes often framed as the solitary seat of reason; these functional links are intrinsic to our capacity to manifest rationality. This insight undermines rationalist approaches that not only presume a non-emotive rationality, but also assume that such a rationality is desirable. Emotion from this standpoint does not stand in opposition to rationality, but is actually a condition of its existence (see Mercer 2005). Given the willingness of individuals â€" consider suicide bombing â€" to kill themselves for an ideal (whatever that ideal may be), a central question of international relations should be whether rationalism and utility maximization can adequately capture the psychological and social motives behind such forms of political agency. By treating emotion as a functionally necessary component of rationality, it may be possible to better analyze emotional dynamics that are inherent in human commitments to socially constructed structures such as the state, or political parties. If our ability to act rationally is linked to emotion, then rationality itself must be linked to identities and the social structures they often embody. Therefore, by taking emotion seriously as a productive and necessary part of our capacity to understand and act in the world, we gain potential insight into identity formation, and how differing social dynamics at different levels of analysis may lead to different claims about what is normal and rational in the study and practice of international politics. Treating reason and emotion in opposition to one another has a history in Western thought stretching back to Plato and Aristotle (Damasio 1994: 170-171). This conflictual relation between the two phenomena is reflected in contemporary scholarship in the presupposition that reason’s role is to tame, or eliminate emotion from influencing rational deliberation; non-emotive reasoning is therefore considered essential to rational assessment (2000: 222-223; see also Marcus 2003: 183; Elster 1999: 55-76). More specifically, this assumption regarding reason’s primacy over emotion is reflected in international relations and foreign policy analysis via the assumption that it is a pre-condition to optimal political judgement in decision-making contexts; severing emotion from reason in decision-making rationality is considered necessary to efficiently linking means to ends (Marcus 2003: 185). It is evident therefore that any definition of emotion will fail to be satisfying to every scholar. Epistemic commitments, disciplinary considerations, and specific methodologies will undermine the appeal of emotion for certain bodies of scholarship (see Crawford 2000; Fineman 2004). Rose McDermott defines emotion as the following: “Emotion is one of a large set of differentiated biologically based complex conditions that are about something” (2004a, 692). This definition has the advantage offering multiple possible means of deploying the concept of emotion to the study of politics. Academics can assert emotion’s physiological dynamics, its aspects that are socially constructed, or some combination of both. Biologically, emotions are generated by changes in relevant body systems â€" the musculo-skeletal, the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the neurotransmitter and neuroactive peptide systems â€" whose interaction mobilizes and disposes humans to act in particular ways (see McDermott 2004a; Turner 2007: 2). Here, emotions are complex physiological responses to stimuli (external or internal). Emotions are activated via affective systems in the brain processing information and recognizing significance; this recognition produces an automatic behavioural response that contextualizes and informs subsequent cognitive processing. Emotions can also be understood as socially constructed. In this approach, emotions are produced, defined and re-iterated via socialization. Emotions here are shaped by cultural context (Crawford 2000: 128; Fattah Fierke 2009: 69-70). A key argument from this perspective is that the because the beliefs, judgments and desires characteristic of emotion are ultimately contingent, they will vary depending upon social context. Furthermore, cultural contextualization of emotion acts to restrain certain behaviours, while endorsing other cultural values. Therefore, when speaking of a specific emotion such as shame, the substance or meaning of the emotion will have differing understandings depending upon time and place (Cohen Kitayama 2007: 847-850). Moreover, even if one makes the assumption that emotions are universal and unvarying, the subjects and objects to which these emotions are related will be contingent. As Khaled Fattah and K.M. Fierke argue: “… emotions [are] socially meanin gful expressions, which depend on shared customs, uses and institutions … The central question is how experiences are given emotional meaning and how this meaning legitimizes certain forms of action, and thereby shapes future interactions” (2009: 70). A final take on the study of emotion in international relations can be utilized that subdivides emotion into emotions and feelings. Here emotion represents the physiologically derived capacity to emote, and feelings the socially constructed aspect of the concept (Damasio 1994). The value in adopting this method is that emotion is viewed as a biologically innate and universal aspect of human thought, and that its arousal is context specific depending upon the subjectivity of the individual and the contexts and experiences that shaped that subjectivity (see Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D. Damasio, A. R. 1997). Regarding the relation between affect and cognition, Andrew Ross argues: This work lends itself to more open-ended applications and is attentive to the complex mixing of biological and social processes. These sources thus offer constructivists not irrefutable evidence but contestable insights into biological dimensions of social processes. These insights might be used to formulate non-deterministic, historically informed inferences about the role of affect in political life (2006: 204). Emotion is therefore a potentially productive means of linking the material and the social, and in so-doing provides a novel means of better understanding the identity-based dispositions of decisionmakers. Where emotions were once understood as “unimportant outcomes of ‘cold’ cognitive processes, lacking adaptive value at best or constituting maladaptive functioning at worst … it is now clear that emotions are useful as organizational constructs, lending clarity to the relationship between various aspects of situations and an organism’s responses to those situations” (1984: 256). The ontogenetic process of identity formation in all humans is therefore linked to this emotional/cognitive evolution; as we pass through life context and bodily response form mental shortcuts for later assessments of what feels positive or negative about a given context or phenomena (McDermott 2004b: 163). Emotions are therefore central elements in human’s adaptation to social contexts â€" t hey are functionally vital to any capacity for rationality in decision-making. In neuroscientific studies, the affective components of emotion have been found to precede cognitive deliberation. In this way emotions have been found to autonomically simplify cognitively complex situations to produce a more manageable array of choices for decisionmakers. Yet these conscious and unconscious emotional dynamics are also necessary for our social functioning. Jonathan Mercer notes that “People without emotion may know they should be ethical, and may know they should be influenced by norms, and may know that they should not make disastrous financial decisions, but this knowledge is abstract and inert and does not weigh on their decisions (Mercer 2005: 93). Mercer’s argument is that emotion is vital for an actor to relate to social structures; lacking emotionality, actors find themselves socially incapable of functioning appropriately. The study of foreign policy has stressed the failure policymakers to achieve optimal rationality; rationality here being understood as contextualized by “simplified subjective representations of reality” (Tetlock McGuire 2005: 485). The beliefs and expectations that are evident in decision-making have been found to be significantly shaped by a priori assumptions; that is, as Robert Jervis argues, “… actors tend to perceive what they expect” (2005: 463). Thus, cognitivists argue that familiarity a given social context shapes how a given agent is likely to perceive others (Jervis 2005: 471). In conclusion, it is obvious that the above approaches fixate upon errors in judgement, with emotionality contributing solely to these errors. It is also evident that treating emotion as potentially productive and invariably unavoidable to the study of politics and international relations can provide new interpretations and expectations regarding the human capacity for change, how we are enculturated to feel intensely about abstract concepts, and ultimately why social constructs such as the state or ‘nation’ are capable of motivating individuals to obscene acts of violence including a willingness to sacrifice one’s own life in their name. Works Cited: Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D.; Damasio, A. R. “Deciding Advantageously Before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy.” Science, 275.5304 (1997): 1293-1294. Blight, James G. The Shattered Crystal Ball New York: Rowan Littlefield, 1990. Blight, James G. Brenner, Philip. Sad and Luminous Days: Cuba’s Struggle with the Superpowers and the Missile Crisis. New York: Rowan Littlefield, 2002. Campos, Joseph J. Barrett, Karen C. “Toward a New Understanding of Emotions and their Development.” in Carroll E. Izard, Jerome Kagan Robert E. Zajonc (eds.), Emotions, Cognition and Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Cassino, Dan Lodge, Milton. “The Primacy of Affect in Political Evaluations” in W. Russell Neuman, George E. Marcus, Ann N. Cringler Michael Mackuen (eds.) The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Cohen, Dov Kityayama, Shinobu. “Cultural Psychology: This Stanza and the Next.” in Shinobu Kitayama Dov Cohen (eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology. New York: The Gulford Press, 2007. Crawford, Neta. “The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships,” International Security 24 (2000): 116-156. Damasio, Antonio R. Descartes Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain New York: G.P. Putnam, 1994. Elster, Jon. Alchemies of the Mind: Rationality and the Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Fattah, Khaled Fierke, K.M. “A Clash of Emotions: The Politics of Humiliation and Political Violence in the Middle East.” European Journal of Political Science. 15.1 (2009): 67â€"93 Faizullaev, Alisher. “Diplomacy and Self.” Diplomacy and Statecraft, 17 (2006): 497â€"522. Fineman, Stephan. “Getting the Measure of Emotion â€" and the Cautionary Tale of Emotional Iintelligence.” Human Relations. 57.6(2004): 719-740. Houghton, David Patrick. Political Psychology. New York: Routledge, 2008 Houghton, David Patrick. “Analogical Reasoning, Neuroscience, and Emotion: Toward a Hot Cognitive Approach.” Paper presented to ISA annual meeting February, 2009. Marcus, G.E. “Emotion in Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 2000 3: 221-250. Marcus, G.E. “The Psychology of Emotion and Politics.” in David O. Sears, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis (eds.) Oxford Handbook of political psychology, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. McDermott, Rose. “The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science.” Perspectives on Politics. 4 (2004): 691-706. McDermott, Rose. Political Psychology in International Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. Mercer, Jonathan. “Rationality and Psychology in International Politics.” International Organization 1 (2005): 77-106. Mercer, Jonathan. “Human Nature and the First Image: Emotion in International Politics.” Journal of International Relations and Development. 2006 9: 288-303. Mesquita, Batja; Leu, Janxin. “The Cultural Psychology of Emotion.” in Shinobu Kitayama Dov Cohen (eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology. New York: The Guilford Press, 2007. Neuman, W. Russell; Marcus, George E.; Cringler, Ann Mackuen, Michael. “Theorizing Affects Effects.” in W. Russell Neuman, George E. Marcus, Ann N. Cringler Michael Mackuen (eds.) The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007 Ross, Andrew A. “Coming in from the Cold: Constructivism and Emotions,” European Journal of International Relations 12 (2006): 197-222. Rittberger, Volker. Approaches to the Study of Foreign Policy Derived from International Relations Theory.” Paper presented to ISA annual meeting, March 2002. Stein, Janice Gross. “Building Politics into Psychology: The Misperception of Threat.” Political Psychology, 2 (1988): 245-271. Tetlock, Philip McGuire, Charles. “Cognitive Perspectives on Foreign Policy,” in John Ikenberry, ed., American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays, New York: Longman, 2005: 484-500. Voss, James F. Dorsey, Ellen. “Perception and International Relations: An Overview.” in Eric Singer Valerie Hudson (eds.), Political Psychology and Foreign Policy. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1992. Weber, Cynthia. Faking It: U. S. Hegemony in a Post-Phallic era. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999. Zajonc, Robert B. “On the Primacy of Affect.” American Psychologist.” 1984 39.2 (1984): 117â€"23. Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Academic Discipline: International Relations Course Name: IR Theory Assignment Subject: Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Academic Level: Graduate Referencing Style: MLA Word Count: 1,567 A productive assumption informing much of international relations theory and foreign policy analysis since the 1950s has been the pursuit of rationality by utility maximizing actors. While rationalism has provided a ‘policy-relevant’ means of not only interpreting the endless complexity of international politics, but also predicting likely future behaviour â€" it is increasingly questionable whether such assumptions are adequate. Academics interested in the foreign-policy psychology have questioned the presumed rationality of policy actors while interrogating the intersections of various levels of analysis â€" for example, the individual, the state and the system writ large. This paper examines one aspect of this interrogation: the study of emotion. In conducting this analysis, this paper will argue that the discipline requires a greater appreciation of the links between mind and body, and between emotion and rationality. Indeed, the discipline of international relations is argua bly well-situated to question whether reason and emotion truly exist in opposition at all. The relationship between affect (embodied impetus to act) and emotion has a long history in sociology and neuroscience, and while this paper cannot hope to do justice to the nuances and breadth of these analyses, it can touch on some central arguments that might be engaged productively in the study of international relations and foreign policy. The affective systems in the brain are functionally linked to the cognitive processes often framed as the solitary seat of reason; these functional links are intrinsic to our capacity to manifest rationality. This insight undermines rationalist approaches that not only presume a non-emotive rationality, but also assume that such a rationality is desirable. Emotion from this standpoint does not stand in opposition to rationality, but is actually a condition of its existence (see Mercer 2005). Given the willingness of individuals â€" consider suicide bombing â€" to kill themselves for an ideal (whatever that ideal may be), a central question of international relations should be whether rationalism and utility maximization can adequately capture the psychological and social motives behind such forms of political agency. By treating emotion as a functionally necessary component of rationality, it may be possible to better analyze emotional dynamics that are inherent in human commitments to socially constructed structures such as the state, or political parties. If our ability to act rationally is linked to emotion, then rationality itself must be linked to identities and the social structures they often embody. Therefore, by taking emotion seriously as a productive and necessary part of our capacity to understand and act in the world, we gain potential insight into identity formation, and how differing social dynamics at different levels of analysis may lead to different claims about what is normal and rational in the study and practice of international politics. Treating reason and emotion in opposition to one another has a history in Western thought stretching back to Plato and Aristotle (Damasio 1994: 170-171). This conflictual relation between the two phenomena is reflected in contemporary scholarship in the presupposition that reason’s role is to tame, or eliminate emotion from influencing rational deliberation; non-emotive reasoning is therefore considered essential to rational assessment (2000: 222-223; see also Marcus 2003: 183; Elster 1999: 55-76). More specifically, this assumption regarding reason’s primacy over emotion is reflected in international relations and foreign policy analysis via the assumption that it is a pre-condition to optimal political judgement in decision-making contexts; severing emotion from reason in decision-making rationality is considered necessary to efficiently linking means to ends (Marcus 2003: 185). It is evident therefore that any definition of emotion will fail to be satisfying to every scholar. Epistemic commitments, disciplinary considerations, and specific methodologies will undermine the appeal of emotion for certain bodies of scholarship (see Crawford 2000; Fineman 2004). Rose McDermott defines emotion as the following: “Emotion is one of a large set of differentiated biologically based complex conditions that are about something” (2004a, 692). This definition has the advantage offering multiple possible means of deploying the concept of emotion to the study of politics. Academics can assert emotion’s physiological dynamics, its aspects that are socially constructed, or some combination of both. Biologically, emotions are generated by changes in relevant body systems â€" the musculo-skeletal, the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the neurotransmitter and neuroactive peptide systems â€" whose interaction mobilizes and disposes humans to act in particular ways (see McDermott 2004a; Turner 2007: 2). Here, emotions are complex physiological responses to stimuli (external or internal). Emotions are activated via affective systems in the brain processing information and recognizing significance; this recognition produces an automatic behavioural response that contextualizes and informs subsequent cognitive processing. Emotions can also be understood as socially constructed. In this approach, emotions are produced, defined and re-iterated via socialization. Emotions here are shaped by cultural context (Crawford 2000: 128; Fattah Fierke 2009: 69-70). A key argument from this perspective is that the because the beliefs, judgments and desires characteristic of emotion are ultimately contingent, they will vary depending upon social context. Furthermore, cultural contextualization of emotion acts to restrain certain behaviours, while endorsing other cultural values. Therefore, when speaking of a specific emotion such as shame, the substance or meaning of the emotion will have differing understandings depending upon time and place (Cohen Kitayama 2007: 847-850). Moreover, even if one makes the assumption that emotions are universal and unvarying, the subjects and objects to which these emotions are related will be contingent. As Khaled Fattah and K.M. Fierke argue: “… emotions [are] socially meanin gful expressions, which depend on shared customs, uses and institutions … The central question is how experiences are given emotional meaning and how this meaning legitimizes certain forms of action, and thereby shapes future interactions” (2009: 70). A final take on the study of emotion in international relations can be utilized that subdivides emotion into emotions and feelings. Here emotion represents the physiologically derived capacity to emote, and feelings the socially constructed aspect of the concept (Damasio 1994). The value in adopting this method is that emotion is viewed as a biologically innate and universal aspect of human thought, and that its arousal is context specific depending upon the subjectivity of the individual and the contexts and experiences that shaped that subjectivity (see Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D. Damasio, A. R. 1997). Regarding the relation between affect and cognition, Andrew Ross argues: This work lends itself to more open-ended applications and is attentive to the complex mixing of biological and social processes. These sources thus offer constructivists not irrefutable evidence but contestable insights into biological dimensions of social processes. These insights might be used to formulate non-deterministic, historically informed inferences about the role of affect in political life (2006: 204). Emotion is therefore a potentially productive means of linking the material and the social, and in so-doing provides a novel means of better understanding the identity-based dispositions of decisionmakers. Where emotions were once understood as “unimportant outcomes of ‘cold’ cognitive processes, lacking adaptive value at best or constituting maladaptive functioning at worst … it is now clear that emotions are useful as organizational constructs, lending clarity to the relationship between various aspects of situations and an organism’s responses to those situations” (1984: 256). The ontogenetic process of identity formation in all humans is therefore linked to this emotional/cognitive evolution; as we pass through life context and bodily response form mental shortcuts for later assessments of what feels positive or negative about a given context or phenomena (McDermott 2004b: 163). Emotions are therefore central elements in human’s adaptation to social contexts â€" t hey are functionally vital to any capacity for rationality in decision-making. In neuroscientific studies, the affective components of emotion have been found to precede cognitive deliberation. In this way emotions have been found to autonomically simplify cognitively complex situations to produce a more manageable array of choices for decisionmakers. Yet these conscious and unconscious emotional dynamics are also necessary for our social functioning. Jonathan Mercer notes that “People without emotion may know they should be ethical, and may know they should be influenced by norms, and may know that they should not make disastrous financial decisions, but this knowledge is abstract and inert and does not weigh on their decisions (Mercer 2005: 93). Mercer’s argument is that emotion is vital for an actor to relate to social structures; lacking emotionality, actors find themselves socially incapable of functioning appropriately. The study of foreign policy has stressed the failure policymakers to achieve optimal rationality; rationality here being understood as contextualized by “simplified subjective representations of reality” (Tetlock McGuire 2005: 485). The beliefs and expectations that are evident in decision-making have been found to be significantly shaped by a priori assumptions; that is, as Robert Jervis argues, “… actors tend to perceive what they expect” (2005: 463). Thus, cognitivists argue that familiarity a given social context shapes how a given agent is likely to perceive others (Jervis 2005: 471). In conclusion, it is obvious that the above approaches fixate upon errors in judgement, with emotionality contributing solely to these errors. It is also evident that treating emotion as potentially productive and invariably unavoidable to the study of politics and international relations can provide new interpretations and expectations regarding the human capacity for change, how we are enculturated to feel intensely about abstract concepts, and ultimately why social constructs such as the state or ‘nation’ are capable of motivating individuals to obscene acts of violence including a willingness to sacrifice one’s own life in their name. Works Cited: Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D.; Damasio, A. R. “Deciding Advantageously Before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy.” Science, 275.5304 (1997): 1293-1294. Blight, James G. The Shattered Crystal Ball New York: Rowan Littlefield, 1990. Blight, James G. Brenner, Philip. Sad and Luminous Days: Cuba’s Struggle with the Superpowers and the Missile Crisis. New York: Rowan Littlefield, 2002. Campos, Joseph J. Barrett, Karen C. “Toward a New Understanding of Emotions and their Development.” in Carroll E. Izard, Jerome Kagan Robert E. Zajonc (eds.), Emotions, Cognition and Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Cassino, Dan Lodge, Milton. “The Primacy of Affect in Political Evaluations” in W. Russell Neuman, George E. Marcus, Ann N. Cringler Michael Mackuen (eds.) The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Cohen, Dov Kityayama, Shinobu. “Cultural Psychology: This Stanza and the Next.” in Shinobu Kitayama Dov Cohen (eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology. New York: The Gulford Press, 2007. Crawford, Neta. “The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships,” International Security 24 (2000): 116-156. Damasio, Antonio R. Descartes Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain New York: G.P. Putnam, 1994. Elster, Jon. Alchemies of the Mind: Rationality and the Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Fattah, Khaled Fierke, K.M. “A Clash of Emotions: The Politics of Humiliation and Political Violence in the Middle East.” European Journal of Political Science. 15.1 (2009): 67â€"93 Faizullaev, Alisher. “Diplomacy and Self.” Diplomacy and Statecraft, 17 (2006): 497â€"522. Fineman, Stephan. “Getting the Measure of Emotion â€" and the Cautionary Tale of Emotional Iintelligence.” Human Relations. 57.6(2004): 719-740. Houghton, David Patrick. Political Psychology. New York: Routledge, 2008 Houghton, David Patrick. “Analogical Reasoning, Neuroscience, and Emotion: Toward a Hot Cognitive Approach.” Paper presented to ISA annual meeting February, 2009. Marcus, G.E. “Emotion in Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 2000 3: 221-250. Marcus, G.E. “The Psychology of Emotion and Politics.” in David O. Sears, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis (eds.) Oxford Handbook of political psychology, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. McDermott, Rose. “The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science.” Perspectives on Politics. 4 (2004): 691-706. McDermott, Rose. Political Psychology in International Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. Mercer, Jonathan. “Rationality and Psychology in International Politics.” International Organization 1 (2005): 77-106. Mercer, Jonathan. “Human Nature and the First Image: Emotion in International Politics.” Journal of International Relations and Development. 2006 9: 288-303. Mesquita, Batja; Leu, Janxin. “The Cultural Psychology of Emotion.” in Shinobu Kitayama Dov Cohen (eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology. New York: The Guilford Press, 2007. Neuman, W. Russell; Marcus, George E.; Cringler, Ann Mackuen, Michael. “Theorizing Affects Effects.” in W. Russell Neuman, George E. Marcus, Ann N. Cringler Michael Mackuen (eds.) The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007 Ross, Andrew A. “Coming in from the Cold: Constructivism and Emotions,” European Journal of International Relations 12 (2006): 197-222. Rittberger, Volker. Approaches to the Study of Foreign Policy Derived from International Relations Theory.” Paper presented to ISA annual meeting, March 2002. Stein, Janice Gross. “Building Politics into Psychology: The Misperception of Threat.” Political Psychology, 2 (1988): 245-271. Tetlock, Philip McGuire, Charles. “Cognitive Perspectives on Foreign Policy,” in John Ikenberry, ed., American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays, New York: Longman, 2005: 484-500. Voss, James F. Dorsey, Ellen. “Perception and International Relations: An Overview.” in Eric Singer Valerie Hudson (eds.), Political Psychology and Foreign Policy. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1992. Weber, Cynthia. Faking It: U. S. Hegemony in a Post-Phallic era. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999. Zajonc, Robert B. “On the Primacy of Affect.” American Psychologist.” 1984 39.2 (1984): 117â€"23.

Andrew Wolf On Adolescence Child Development And...

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Library of Babel Essay - 1528 Words

In Jorge Luis Borges’ short story â€Å"The Library of Babel†, the author depicts the entire universe in the form of a mysterious and intricate â€Å"Library.† The author gives life to the library by describing the fruit- like â€Å"bulbs† that emit light, as well as a vestibule which contains two compartments for â€Å"sleeping and satisfying one’s physical necessities.† (Borges 112) This library is lined with â€Å"an infinite number of hexagonal galleries,†(Borges 112) containing bookshelves with an immeasurable amount of books. However, most of these books are indecipherable, and therefore, meaningless. Borges’ characterization of the library leads the reader to believe that he is alluding to the numerous books of the Bible. He questions the Bible’†¦show more content†¦Both Adam and Eve were tricked into believing that the fruit will present them with a more fulfilling existence, but instead it proved lackin g and disappointing. Furthermore, the narrator soon after says, â€Å" Thousands of greedy individuals abandoned their sweet native hexagons and rushed upstairs and downstairs, spurred by their vain desire to find their Vindication.† (Borges 115) The â€Å"greedy individuals† the narrator speaks of are a symbol of humankind’s dissatisfaction with its existence, and its constant need to search for something more divine. Thus, the narrator describes Adam and Eve’s fall from Grace, which was â€Å"spurred by their vain desire to find their Vindication.† To further illustrate the universe in the form of a Library, Borges compares the insignificance of man to the majestic configuration of the universe, â€Å"Man, the imperfect librarian, may be the work of chance or of malevolent demiurges; the universe, with its elegant appointments- its bookshelves, its enigmatic books, its indefatigable staircases for the traveler, and its water closets for the seated librarian-can only be the handiwork of a god.† (Borges 113) In this quote, Borges himself insinuates that the Library, like the universe, was created by a higher power. The intricacy of the library’s structure- such as the bookshelves, the innumerable amount ofShow MoreRelatedLibrary Of Babel Analysis1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe Library of Babel, Borges talks about a library that can have all the books that have ever been written. When Borges describes it, he states that â€Å"The universe (which others call the Library) is composed of an indefinite, perhaps an infini te, number of hexagonal galleries, with enormous ventilation shafts in the middle, encircled by very low railings.† In this quote, Borges allows the author to imagine this fantasy library with an â€Å"infinite† number of rooms, but later says that this library isRead MoreThe Library of Babel by Jorge Luis Borges634 Words   |  3 PagesThe Library of Babel by Jorge Luis Borges was about a Library filled with an infinite, or perhaps finite, number hexagon rooms. These hexagons contain all books that exist, and many that have yet to be written. The story describes the last thoughts of a man who has lived in this library universe. The Library itself holds many books that hold perceived power from the knowledge they hold. One of the most incomprehensible concepts he raises is a book that contains all other books within the Library. TheRead MoreA World Of Books By Borges1436 Words   |  6 Pagesample amount of it is the story â€Å"The Library of Babel.† He first mentions them when he says †¦ Of a general theory of the library and the satisfactory resolution of the problem it s no construction yet made clear: the formless and chaotic nature of almost all books. (81) The books in the library all have millions of different variations of each other. This chaotic list of randomly unnecessary copies of each book maximizes the level of entropy output in the library. Which is already big enough to takeRead MorePurpose of Creation Myths836 Words   |  3 Pagesmyth is that documented in the Epic of Gilgamesh. In this epic, the problems of life and living are the primary and overriding theme. Nonetheless, most of the creation theories explain the confusion of tongues and the tower of Babel. For instance, the aspect of the tower of Babel is in the creation accounts of the Syrians, Greek, Chinese, Sumerian, Hindu, and Babylonians among others (Ellis 13). The enormous flood documented in Genesis is in the creation myths of the Incas and the Hopi Indians. In summaryRead MoreHighly Motivated And Eager To Learn Essay778 Words   |  4 Pageswhich I catch a glimpse of a distant city which would take a lifetime just to walk through, or stumble upon a library i n that city with more books than I could ever count, let alone read, or find a book in that library about far greater libraries which are now so much dust in the wind. nbsp; A turning point in my understanding was a famous Borges story called The Library of Babel. Here I learned that there is no discernable difference between an infinite number and very large finite numberRead MoreHenry David Hwang ( M. Butterfly )1558 Words   |  7 Pagesmake statement on the unavoidable creative procedure, misses or conceals a bit of the reality of it. Byatt acknowledged an inspiration moment for Possession as the time she come across with a famous Coleridge scholar working in the British library and â€Å"mused that much of what she {Byatt} knew of Coleridge had been filtered through that individual †¦ adding that ‘I though, it’s almost like a case of demonic possession, and I wondered, has she eaten up hers?’† Byatt thought of writing a novelRead MoreOrder and Chaos2780 Words   |  12 Pagesand intolerance of other views. One view can not exist without the other ,and they are both impractical and incomplete. The joining of the two is essential for a human being and the world as a whole. This point is clearly illustrated in the Library of Babel where all was known ,yet chaos was rampant because no faith could exist. Music can sometimes sound random, chaotic, and spontaneous but all music has a certain structure and fundamental elements. Though music has many benefits its main objectiveRead MoreTheme Of Heroes In Fahrenheit 451701 Words   |  3 Pagesand unnecessary, as well as, leads firemen who seek out and annihilate them. â€Å"You know the law,’ said Beatty. ‘Wheres your common sense? None of those books agree with each other. Youve been locked up here for years with a regular damned Tower of Babel† (35). Beatty is saying to a woman that her books are against the law and that they make no sense before she kills herself. Beatty exhibits no remorse for the woman when he mentions, â€Å"don’t worry about it† to Montag and doesn’t care. â€Å"Clarisse McClellanRead MoreA Brief Look at Genesis832 Words   |  3 Pagessinned and were exiled from the Garden of Eden. We see the God’s judgment in the flood. This is where God sees our evil and flood s the Earth only sparing Noah and his family. Our foolish acts that lead to various languages and nations from the tower of Babel can be found in Genesis 10:1-11:9. The patriarchs of the Bible begin here. The stories of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph can be found within Genesis. This is the creation of the covenant relationship with God. The Abrahamic Covenant begins hereRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury944 Words   |  4 Pagesown personality and beliefs. For example, You know the law, said Beatty. Where s your common sense? None of those books agree with each other. You ve been locked up here for years with a regular damned Tower of Babel Beatty speaking to the owner of a hidden library who lights herself on fire along with her books. This passage highlights the argument about why books should be illegal. The mentality is controlled by the old fashioned thoughts of communism. Society should be able to control

Corporate Law Business Continuity

Question: Describe about the Corporate Law for Business Continuity. Answer: 1. The factual scenario suggests that Jack, Jill and Max are the owners of a business. No appropriate business structure is formulated by them even though they are doing the business from past 12 months. Since the business is progressing rapidly, thus, there is a need to update the structuring of their business. In such scenario, an advised is furnished to them only after availing the advantages and disadvantages of the prevailing business structures. Generally the two options to conduct business are either by way of a partnership or by way of a company. A partnership is a business organization which can be established by two or more persons with the motive to seek profit and to carry business in continuity (Egert 2007). Thus, since all Jack, Jill and Max are three personnels thus they can carry their business by way of partnership and there are various advantages attached to the same. Such as, if a partnership is formed by them, then, (Legal Vision 2015) Confidentiality can be established as no outsiders are permitted to take part of the business. So, only Jack, Jill and Max will be liable to conduct business and maintain the secrecy of the company. All Jack, Jill and Max can avail several tax gains which are provided only when the business is running in a partnership form. All Jack, Jill and Max can easily avail investment as they will themselves provide finance for the business. They have to spend much less for the formulation of a partnership But, there are few difficulties that can also be faced by them, for instance. (Legal Vision 2015) All Jack, Jill and Max are agents of each other and the firm and they will be personally liable to all the liabilities of the firm as a partnership is not a separate legal entity and has no separate existence in the eyes of law. Further, Jack, Jill and Max have to face capital gain tax if there is a mere change in the partnership of the firm. Also, minor change of the partnership will result in its dissolution. In order to resolve the disadvantages, Jack, Jill and Max, may also establish a company. A company can be formed by registration. Once a company is formed then it is considered as an artificial person in law and has its separate legal entity (Kobras 2016). If a company is formed by Jack, Jill and Max then the various advantages that can be availed by them are: (Whiteside 2014) There liability would have been limited as once a company is firmed then it separate from its members and the acts of the company are of its own ad alone. Jack, Jill and Max are liable only to the value of their shareholdings. They can acquire property in the name of the company. They can sue in the name of the company and it is the company who would be sued and not the members directly. There would be no disputes amid Jack, Jill and Max as not all the members take part on the working of the company. The company would not be dissolved even if anyone of Jack, Jill and Max will leave the company. But, there are few drawbacks of a colony. Such as: Huge costs are faced by Jack, Jill and Max for the registration process. The tax liability is heavy on a company. Jack, Jill and Max have to comply with ASIC rules violation of which will make them liable personally. After comparing the structuring of a partnership and a company, it is advised to Jack, Jill and Max that they must form a company as their liability will be limited and there are chances of less disputes when compared with a partnership. there is no easy dissolution and they can also seek investment easily. Thus, they should form a company instead of a partnership. 2. Issues There are two basic issues that are raised. Whether Betty actions would make Child Toys Pty Ltd (company 1) liable to corporate liability? What kind of actions can be taken against Charles by company 1? Relevant Law When any company is formed din Australia, then, it has a separate legal entity in the eyes of law and the actions which are undertaken by the company officers are in the name of the company alone (Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd (1897)) (Puig 2000). However, if any agent acts on behalf of the company and within his authority then such actions of an agent will make the company liable for the same under the law of vicarious liability and is held in Hollis v Vabu (2001) (Carthy 2004). However, if an employee undertakes an action then a company can still be held liable for the actions of such an employee under the concept of corporate liability. But, in United States v Milwaukee Refrigerator Co (1905) court has submit that if the employees of the company undertake actions to defeat the public good then the corporate veil of the company can be pierced and the company can be held liable directly for the actions of the employee. A company can be held liable both under the criminal law and civil l aw for incurring frauds, deception and for avoidance of crime. (Schulte 1994) Also, when a company is formed then such company takes several contractual relationships with its employee. One of the general terms that is used while making such employment contracts is non-compete clause. According to a non-compete clause whenever an employee leaves the company then he is not permitted to carry out the similar business within soc specific geographical region or within some limited time frame, etc. Such clause is valid because the company needs to protect his confidentially and good will which may get hampered if the ex-employee is permitted to exploit the sources of the company to his own benefit (AGA Assistance Australia Pty Ltd v Tokody (2012)). However, such clauses are valid only when are limited to number of years, or not against public policy and must be legitimate in its operations. (Hill 2015) When the ex-employee forms a new company and tries to take the benefit of the new companies separate legal existence in order to avoid the legal implications of the non-compete clause, then, the courts have pierced the veil of the new company in order to make the ex-employee liable for the breach of non-compete clauses. Thus, the application of non-compete clause is very essential for the preserving of the interest of the company. Application Now as per the facts, Company 1 is a registered incorporation and thus has a separate legal existence in the eyes of law. Its only director is Marty. As per Salmon principle Company 1 is distinct from Marty and the actions of the caiman are of its alone and will not make Marty liable. However, Betty is an employee of Company1 and acts like a sales Peron. He has used harmful plastic chemicals in the toys which has caused a serious injury to a child. By applying the law of corporate liability, company 1 will be held directly liable for the actions of Betty and civil and criminal actions must be imposed upon it, a commons cannot take the shield of a separate legal existence when fraud or public harm is caused because if the actions of its employee. Further, Charles is the employee of the company he is very senior in his post and thus is aware of the company major clients and requirements. But, the company has made a contract with Charles according to whom whenever Charles will leave the company then he has restrictions under the non-compete clause for two years. It is submitted the non-compete clause are valid provided the same are necessary for preserving the good will and confidentiality of the company. It is submitted that Charles is at a senior post and is aware of most of the confidential matters of the company, thus, the non-compete clause is valid But, he tried to form a new company with May and deals in a business which is in competition with his old company, it is submitted that ins such situation, the veil of the new company should be pierced in order to consider Charles and the new company as one and the non-compete clause must be applied in order to apply the interest of the company and the public. Thus, company can take actions against Charles for the breach of non-compete calk use. Conclusion It is concluded that Betty is the employee of Company 1 and his actions will make the company liable under corporate liability concept and civil and criminal liabilities can be imposed upon the company. Also, Charles is an ex-employee of the company and formation of the new company by him wills not relieve him from the application of non-compete clause as the veil of the company will be pierced on order to make him liable personally. Reference List AGA Assistance Australia Pty Ltd v Tokody (2012). Egert G (2007) Defining a Partnership: The Traditional Approach Versus An Innovative Departure - Do Queensland Appeal Court Decisions Point to the Need for a Review of the Traditional Approach to Interpretation Adopted by Australian Courts? (Online). Available at: https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1332context=blr. Viewed on 8th September 2016. Hollis v Vabu (2001). Hill (2015) Are non-compete clauses worth the paper they're written on? (Online). Available at: https://community.hrdaily.com.au/profiles/blogs/are-non-compete-clauses-worth-the-paper-they-re-written-on. Viewed on 8th September 2016. Kobras S (2016) Business structure in Australia (Online). Available at: https://www.schweizer.com.au/articles/Business_Structures_in_Australia_(SK00125445).pdf. Viewed on 8th September 2016. Legalvision (2015) Business Structures: The advantages disadvantages of operating under a partnership model (Online). Available at: https://legalvision.com.au/business-structures-the-advantages-disadvantages-of-operating-under-a-partnership-model/. Viewed on 8th September 2016. McCarthy (2004) Vicarious Liability In The Agency Context (Online). Available at: https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:5GF9en2dc1EJ:https://lr.law.qut.edu.au/article/download/204/198+cd=1hl=enct=clnkgl=in. Viewed on 8th September 2016. Puig EV (2000) A Two-Edged Sword: Salomon and the Separate Legal Entity Doctrine, Volume 7, Number 3. Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd (1897). Schulte R (1994) The Future of Corporate Limited Liability in Australia (Online). Available at: https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1088context=blr. Viewed on 8th September 2016. United States v Milwaukee Refrigerator Co (1905). Whiteside (2014) Starting a Business: Sole Trader vs Company (Online). Available at: https://easycompanies.com.au/blog/starting-a-business-sole-trader-vs-company/. Viewed on 8th September 2016.

Crucible And Scarlet Letter Essays (394 words) -

Crucible And Scarlet Letter Part IV Task The quote, "Our problems are manmade: therefore, they may be solved by man... No problem of human destiny is beyond human beings." by President John F. Kennedy, holds truth. In other words, we create our own problems and make our own choices on how to solve them, in turn, controlling our own destiny. This quote is proven in the play The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, and in the novel The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Crucible by Arthur Miller uses irony and theme to support the quote. A major theme was jealousy, produced from Abigail. She was envious of Elizabeth's marriage to John Proctor. In order to solve her problem she chose to accuse Elizabeth of witchcraft, hoping Elizabeth would be tried and executed. Irony was put into play when John told the court that Elizabeth never lies, always telling the truth no matter how consequential it can be. When a judge asked Elizabeth if her husband actually committed adultery with Abigail she fabricated her first lie, to protect her husband from shame. This lie concluded Abigail as the truthful one, not confirming her husband's position at all. Elizabeth went against her beliefs to solve a hurried problem that did not allow her to solve it in the manner she wished. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne uses characterization and irony. The story line portrays strong characterization within the physician. He devotes all of his time into finding out who had an affair with his wife. Once he discovers whom it is, he is not satisfied, and continues to taunt this man in order to make another life miserable. After a confession was finally declared, the sole purpose of the physician's life diminished, which eventually killed him. At any duration, the doctor could have accepted the truth and moved on with his life, yet he refused to. The Scarlet Letter worn on Hester's chest was a symbol of one who sinned. Hester was looked down upon from others and constantly worried about the glance she received from people. She let that affect her way of life. Finally she took her problem into her own hands accepted the badge as a part of her, her courageous self. This also ironically becomes a safe way for her daughter to recognize her mother by. The quote by John F. Kennedy is accurate as proven in the play The Crucible and the novel The Scarlet Letter. We create our own problems, controlling our own destiny, through our own choices.

Free Essays on Individual Vs. Society

) like he was lost in a milkplus bar, and Pete and George had theirs.† When Alex and the writer guy meet again many years later and the pain in the writers’ life is still overpowering, having lost the woman he loved to a gang rape. The values which Alex held were so contrary to the values of the society that Alex’s’ fun ruined the writers’ life. Differing values destroying lives is evident in Giordano’s’ poem â€Å"The rules.† Giordano asks if he can succeed in a world where values such as honesty are no longer valued. â€Å"I play by the rules/but Lord/ Does this mean that I am destined to lose?† The values of an individual are often different to the valu... Free Essays on Individual Vs. Society Free Essays on Individual Vs. Society The Individual and Society â€Å"I and the Government of which I am a member want you to regard us as friends. Yes, friends. We have put you right.† In A Clockwork Orange Alex’s’ war with society is evident from the start of the novel. By using â€Å"ultra-violence†: murders, rapes and gang beatings, Alex terrorizes the society in which he lives. Society seeks to destroy the individual who clashes with their ideals. By using Ludovico’s Technique on Alex, Society is able to destroy Alex’s ability to terrorize but at the same time destroying Alex’s ability to choose Good or Bad. Society and Man will always be at war but ultimately Society will sacrifice the individual for the perceived greater good of Society. Alex’s’ values and his version of fun is so contrary to the values held by the other members of society that a regular evening for Alex and his friends can leave both physical and mental scars in the bodies and minds of regular people for the rest of their lives. On a typical evening of ‘ultra-violence’ Alex and friends gang rape a woman and laugh while her husband looks on in horror. â€Å"Dim and me grabbing the slobbering writer (guy) who is past struggling really, just muttering out with slack sort of (words) like he was lost in a milkplus bar, and Pete and George had theirs.† When Alex and the writer guy meet again many years later and the pain in the writers’ life is still overpowering, having lost the woman he loved to a gang rape. The values which Alex held were so contrary to the values of the society that Alex’s’ fun ruined the writers’ life. Differing values destroying lives is evident in Giord ano’s’ poem â€Å"The rules.† Giordano asks if he can succeed in a world where values such as honesty are no longer valued. â€Å"I play by the rules/but Lord/ Does this mean that I am destined to lose?† The values of an individual are often different to the valu...