How to Avoid Aggressive Communication If You Have SAD

How to Avoid Aggressive Communication If You Have SAD Social Anxiety Disorder Symptoms Print Aggressive Communication and Social Anxiety Disorder By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 29, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on January 31, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Greta Marie / Getty Images Aggressive communication is  a method of expressing needs and desires that does not take in to account the welfare of others. A harmful communication style, aggressive communication can end up worsening social anxiety by making others view you more harshly. In turn, this can lower your self-esteem as you worry you are being judged negatively by those around you.?? If you have  social anxiety, you may have suppressed your own needs for so long that you end up resorting to aggressive communication. Learning how to be assertive will help you to better manage your emotions so that they dont reach a boiling point. What Is Aggressive Communication? During aggressive communication, you stand up for yourself in a way that is  inappropriate and may violate the rights of others.?? You may find that people seem exhausted, overwhelmed or drained after talking with you when you are in an aggressive state. Some people also establish their superiority through aggressive communication by putting  others down. Verbal characteristics of aggressive communication include sarcasm, a harsh tone of voice and condescending statements like How could you think that was a good idea? orDont be stupid. Nonverbal cues of aggressive communication include Intruding into someones personal spaceAggressive gestures like pointing or clenched fistsSneering and smirking?? Whereas assertive communication has a goal of meeting the needs of others and yourself, aggressive communication serves no purpose other than to vent frustrations and hurt others. When you communicate in this way, you are not seeking a solutionâ€"rather you are letting your emotions get the best of you. Why Its Harmful In the moment, aggressive communication can feel very satisfying, particularly if you have social anxiety and are used to not speaking up. You may get your way by bullying others and it may give you a sense of power and control. If you lack this feeling in your life, you may become addicted to it through aggressive communication.?? However, aggressive communication is likely to result  in the development of enemies and hurt relationships with loved ones.?? After you have hurt someone you care about, you may feel shame or guilt.?? This can also inhibit your social skills and make future social situations much more difficult for you. In this way, communicating aggressively becomes a vicious cycle from which you cannot escape.?? Finding Better Ways to Communicate Rather than depending on the anger and bluster of aggressive communication, many people with social anxiety find it beneficial to learn assertive communication skills.?? In assertive communication, you convey your needs openly and honestly, without impeding the needs of others. Instead of a harsh tone and aggressive gestures, verbal characteristics of assertive communication include?? A firm but relaxed toneThe use of I statements like, I was hurt when you ignored me. Assertive communication respects personal space and does not involve yelling or intimidation. You are seeking to have others understand your needs so that they can be met, as well as learning of the needs of others so that you can help them as well. During assertive communication, you listen respectfully to truly hear the other person. The more you stand up for yourself without harming others in the process??, the more your self-esteem will grow. With social anxiety, its common to let anger build up.?? But with assertive communication, you address things calmly in the moment so that resentment does not develop. A Word From Verywell Learning to progress from aggressive communication to assertive communication can be a difficult process. Many with social anxiety find that a skilled therapist with experience in anxiety disorders can be a huge help.?? Your healthcare provider can help you identify situations in which you rely on aggressiveness and will help you develop strategies to combat the desire to respond aggressively. Together, you will work on developing assertive communication skills and will practice different situations so you are prepared to handle them appropriately. Over time, you will be able to assert yourself firmly but responsibly, without harming others through force or intimidation. This can be a major step forward in your social anxiety treatment plan.

Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations

Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Academic Discipline: International Relations Course Name: IR Theory Assignment Subject: Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Academic Level: Graduate Referencing Style: MLA Word Count: 1,567 A productive assumption informing much of international relations theory and foreign policy analysis since the 1950s has been the pursuit of rationality by utility maximizing actors. While rationalism has provided a ‘policy-relevant’ means of not only interpreting the endless complexity of international politics, but also predicting likely future behaviour â€" it is increasingly questionable whether such assumptions are adequate. Academics interested in the foreign-policy psychology have questioned the presumed rationality of policy actors while interrogating the intersections of various levels of analysis â€" for example, the individual, the state and the system writ large. This paper examines one aspect of this interrogation: the study of emotion. In conducting this analysis, this paper will argue that the discipline requires a greater appreciation of the links between mind and body, and between emotion and rationality. Indeed, the discipline of international relations is argua bly well-situated to question whether reason and emotion truly exist in opposition at all. The relationship between affect (embodied impetus to act) and emotion has a long history in sociology and neuroscience, and while this paper cannot hope to do justice to the nuances and breadth of these analyses, it can touch on some central arguments that might be engaged productively in the study of international relations and foreign policy. The affective systems in the brain are functionally linked to the cognitive processes often framed as the solitary seat of reason; these functional links are intrinsic to our capacity to manifest rationality. This insight undermines rationalist approaches that not only presume a non-emotive rationality, but also assume that such a rationality is desirable. Emotion from this standpoint does not stand in opposition to rationality, but is actually a condition of its existence (see Mercer 2005). Given the willingness of individuals â€" consider suicide bombing â€" to kill themselves for an ideal (whatever that ideal may be), a central question of international relations should be whether rationalism and utility maximization can adequately capture the psychological and social motives behind such forms of political agency. By treating emotion as a functionally necessary component of rationality, it may be possible to better analyze emotional dynamics that are inherent in human commitments to socially constructed structures such as the state, or political parties. If our ability to act rationally is linked to emotion, then rationality itself must be linked to identities and the social structures they often embody. Therefore, by taking emotion seriously as a productive and necessary part of our capacity to understand and act in the world, we gain potential insight into identity formation, and how differing social dynamics at different levels of analysis may lead to different claims about what is normal and rational in the study and practice of international politics. Treating reason and emotion in opposition to one another has a history in Western thought stretching back to Plato and Aristotle (Damasio 1994: 170-171). This conflictual relation between the two phenomena is reflected in contemporary scholarship in the presupposition that reason’s role is to tame, or eliminate emotion from influencing rational deliberation; non-emotive reasoning is therefore considered essential to rational assessment (2000: 222-223; see also Marcus 2003: 183; Elster 1999: 55-76). More specifically, this assumption regarding reason’s primacy over emotion is reflected in international relations and foreign policy analysis via the assumption that it is a pre-condition to optimal political judgement in decision-making contexts; severing emotion from reason in decision-making rationality is considered necessary to efficiently linking means to ends (Marcus 2003: 185). It is evident therefore that any definition of emotion will fail to be satisfying to every scholar. Epistemic commitments, disciplinary considerations, and specific methodologies will undermine the appeal of emotion for certain bodies of scholarship (see Crawford 2000; Fineman 2004). Rose McDermott defines emotion as the following: “Emotion is one of a large set of differentiated biologically based complex conditions that are about something” (2004a, 692). This definition has the advantage offering multiple possible means of deploying the concept of emotion to the study of politics. Academics can assert emotion’s physiological dynamics, its aspects that are socially constructed, or some combination of both. Biologically, emotions are generated by changes in relevant body systems â€" the musculo-skeletal, the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the neurotransmitter and neuroactive peptide systems â€" whose interaction mobilizes and disposes humans to act in particular ways (see McDermott 2004a; Turner 2007: 2). Here, emotions are complex physiological responses to stimuli (external or internal). Emotions are activated via affective systems in the brain processing information and recognizing significance; this recognition produces an automatic behavioural response that contextualizes and informs subsequent cognitive processing. Emotions can also be understood as socially constructed. In this approach, emotions are produced, defined and re-iterated via socialization. Emotions here are shaped by cultural context (Crawford 2000: 128; Fattah Fierke 2009: 69-70). A key argument from this perspective is that the because the beliefs, judgments and desires characteristic of emotion are ultimately contingent, they will vary depending upon social context. Furthermore, cultural contextualization of emotion acts to restrain certain behaviours, while endorsing other cultural values. Therefore, when speaking of a specific emotion such as shame, the substance or meaning of the emotion will have differing understandings depending upon time and place (Cohen Kitayama 2007: 847-850). Moreover, even if one makes the assumption that emotions are universal and unvarying, the subjects and objects to which these emotions are related will be contingent. As Khaled Fattah and K.M. Fierke argue: “… emotions [are] socially meanin gful expressions, which depend on shared customs, uses and institutions … The central question is how experiences are given emotional meaning and how this meaning legitimizes certain forms of action, and thereby shapes future interactions” (2009: 70). A final take on the study of emotion in international relations can be utilized that subdivides emotion into emotions and feelings. Here emotion represents the physiologically derived capacity to emote, and feelings the socially constructed aspect of the concept (Damasio 1994). The value in adopting this method is that emotion is viewed as a biologically innate and universal aspect of human thought, and that its arousal is context specific depending upon the subjectivity of the individual and the contexts and experiences that shaped that subjectivity (see Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D. Damasio, A. R. 1997). Regarding the relation between affect and cognition, Andrew Ross argues: This work lends itself to more open-ended applications and is attentive to the complex mixing of biological and social processes. These sources thus offer constructivists not irrefutable evidence but contestable insights into biological dimensions of social processes. These insights might be used to formulate non-deterministic, historically informed inferences about the role of affect in political life (2006: 204). Emotion is therefore a potentially productive means of linking the material and the social, and in so-doing provides a novel means of better understanding the identity-based dispositions of decisionmakers. Where emotions were once understood as “unimportant outcomes of ‘cold’ cognitive processes, lacking adaptive value at best or constituting maladaptive functioning at worst … it is now clear that emotions are useful as organizational constructs, lending clarity to the relationship between various aspects of situations and an organism’s responses to those situations” (1984: 256). The ontogenetic process of identity formation in all humans is therefore linked to this emotional/cognitive evolution; as we pass through life context and bodily response form mental shortcuts for later assessments of what feels positive or negative about a given context or phenomena (McDermott 2004b: 163). Emotions are therefore central elements in human’s adaptation to social contexts â€" t hey are functionally vital to any capacity for rationality in decision-making. In neuroscientific studies, the affective components of emotion have been found to precede cognitive deliberation. In this way emotions have been found to autonomically simplify cognitively complex situations to produce a more manageable array of choices for decisionmakers. Yet these conscious and unconscious emotional dynamics are also necessary for our social functioning. Jonathan Mercer notes that “People without emotion may know they should be ethical, and may know they should be influenced by norms, and may know that they should not make disastrous financial decisions, but this knowledge is abstract and inert and does not weigh on their decisions (Mercer 2005: 93). Mercer’s argument is that emotion is vital for an actor to relate to social structures; lacking emotionality, actors find themselves socially incapable of functioning appropriately. The study of foreign policy has stressed the failure policymakers to achieve optimal rationality; rationality here being understood as contextualized by “simplified subjective representations of reality” (Tetlock McGuire 2005: 485). The beliefs and expectations that are evident in decision-making have been found to be significantly shaped by a priori assumptions; that is, as Robert Jervis argues, “… actors tend to perceive what they expect” (2005: 463). Thus, cognitivists argue that familiarity a given social context shapes how a given agent is likely to perceive others (Jervis 2005: 471). In conclusion, it is obvious that the above approaches fixate upon errors in judgement, with emotionality contributing solely to these errors. It is also evident that treating emotion as potentially productive and invariably unavoidable to the study of politics and international relations can provide new interpretations and expectations regarding the human capacity for change, how we are enculturated to feel intensely about abstract concepts, and ultimately why social constructs such as the state or ‘nation’ are capable of motivating individuals to obscene acts of violence including a willingness to sacrifice one’s own life in their name. Works Cited: Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D.; Damasio, A. R. “Deciding Advantageously Before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy.” Science, 275.5304 (1997): 1293-1294. Blight, James G. The Shattered Crystal Ball New York: Rowan Littlefield, 1990. Blight, James G. Brenner, Philip. Sad and Luminous Days: Cuba’s Struggle with the Superpowers and the Missile Crisis. New York: Rowan Littlefield, 2002. Campos, Joseph J. Barrett, Karen C. “Toward a New Understanding of Emotions and their Development.” in Carroll E. Izard, Jerome Kagan Robert E. Zajonc (eds.), Emotions, Cognition and Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Cassino, Dan Lodge, Milton. “The Primacy of Affect in Political Evaluations” in W. Russell Neuman, George E. Marcus, Ann N. Cringler Michael Mackuen (eds.) The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Cohen, Dov Kityayama, Shinobu. “Cultural Psychology: This Stanza and the Next.” in Shinobu Kitayama Dov Cohen (eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology. New York: The Gulford Press, 2007. Crawford, Neta. “The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships,” International Security 24 (2000): 116-156. Damasio, Antonio R. Descartes Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain New York: G.P. Putnam, 1994. Elster, Jon. Alchemies of the Mind: Rationality and the Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Fattah, Khaled Fierke, K.M. “A Clash of Emotions: The Politics of Humiliation and Political Violence in the Middle East.” European Journal of Political Science. 15.1 (2009): 67â€"93 Faizullaev, Alisher. “Diplomacy and Self.” Diplomacy and Statecraft, 17 (2006): 497â€"522. Fineman, Stephan. “Getting the Measure of Emotion â€" and the Cautionary Tale of Emotional Iintelligence.” Human Relations. 57.6(2004): 719-740. Houghton, David Patrick. Political Psychology. New York: Routledge, 2008 Houghton, David Patrick. “Analogical Reasoning, Neuroscience, and Emotion: Toward a Hot Cognitive Approach.” Paper presented to ISA annual meeting February, 2009. Marcus, G.E. “Emotion in Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 2000 3: 221-250. Marcus, G.E. “The Psychology of Emotion and Politics.” in David O. Sears, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis (eds.) Oxford Handbook of political psychology, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. McDermott, Rose. “The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science.” Perspectives on Politics. 4 (2004): 691-706. McDermott, Rose. Political Psychology in International Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. Mercer, Jonathan. “Rationality and Psychology in International Politics.” International Organization 1 (2005): 77-106. Mercer, Jonathan. “Human Nature and the First Image: Emotion in International Politics.” Journal of International Relations and Development. 2006 9: 288-303. Mesquita, Batja; Leu, Janxin. “The Cultural Psychology of Emotion.” in Shinobu Kitayama Dov Cohen (eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology. New York: The Guilford Press, 2007. Neuman, W. Russell; Marcus, George E.; Cringler, Ann Mackuen, Michael. “Theorizing Affects Effects.” in W. Russell Neuman, George E. Marcus, Ann N. Cringler Michael Mackuen (eds.) The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007 Ross, Andrew A. “Coming in from the Cold: Constructivism and Emotions,” European Journal of International Relations 12 (2006): 197-222. Rittberger, Volker. Approaches to the Study of Foreign Policy Derived from International Relations Theory.” Paper presented to ISA annual meeting, March 2002. Stein, Janice Gross. “Building Politics into Psychology: The Misperception of Threat.” Political Psychology, 2 (1988): 245-271. Tetlock, Philip McGuire, Charles. “Cognitive Perspectives on Foreign Policy,” in John Ikenberry, ed., American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays, New York: Longman, 2005: 484-500. Voss, James F. Dorsey, Ellen. “Perception and International Relations: An Overview.” in Eric Singer Valerie Hudson (eds.), Political Psychology and Foreign Policy. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1992. Weber, Cynthia. Faking It: U. S. Hegemony in a Post-Phallic era. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999. Zajonc, Robert B. “On the Primacy of Affect.” American Psychologist.” 1984 39.2 (1984): 117â€"23. Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Academic Discipline: International Relations Course Name: IR Theory Assignment Subject: Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Academic Level: Graduate Referencing Style: MLA Word Count: 1,567 A productive assumption informing much of international relations theory and foreign policy analysis since the 1950s has been the pursuit of rationality by utility maximizing actors. While rationalism has provided a ‘policy-relevant’ means of not only interpreting the endless complexity of international politics, but also predicting likely future behaviour â€" it is increasingly questionable whether such assumptions are adequate. Academics interested in the foreign-policy psychology have questioned the presumed rationality of policy actors while interrogating the intersections of various levels of analysis â€" for example, the individual, the state and the system writ large. This paper examines one aspect of this interrogation: the study of emotion. In conducting this analysis, this paper will argue that the discipline requires a greater appreciation of the links between mind and body, and between emotion and rationality. Indeed, the discipline of international relations is argua bly well-situated to question whether reason and emotion truly exist in opposition at all. The relationship between affect (embodied impetus to act) and emotion has a long history in sociology and neuroscience, and while this paper cannot hope to do justice to the nuances and breadth of these analyses, it can touch on some central arguments that might be engaged productively in the study of international relations and foreign policy. The affective systems in the brain are functionally linked to the cognitive processes often framed as the solitary seat of reason; these functional links are intrinsic to our capacity to manifest rationality. This insight undermines rationalist approaches that not only presume a non-emotive rationality, but also assume that such a rationality is desirable. Emotion from this standpoint does not stand in opposition to rationality, but is actually a condition of its existence (see Mercer 2005). Given the willingness of individuals â€" consider suicide bombing â€" to kill themselves for an ideal (whatever that ideal may be), a central question of international relations should be whether rationalism and utility maximization can adequately capture the psychological and social motives behind such forms of political agency. By treating emotion as a functionally necessary component of rationality, it may be possible to better analyze emotional dynamics that are inherent in human commitments to socially constructed structures such as the state, or political parties. If our ability to act rationally is linked to emotion, then rationality itself must be linked to identities and the social structures they often embody. Therefore, by taking emotion seriously as a productive and necessary part of our capacity to understand and act in the world, we gain potential insight into identity formation, and how differing social dynamics at different levels of analysis may lead to different claims about what is normal and rational in the study and practice of international politics. Treating reason and emotion in opposition to one another has a history in Western thought stretching back to Plato and Aristotle (Damasio 1994: 170-171). This conflictual relation between the two phenomena is reflected in contemporary scholarship in the presupposition that reason’s role is to tame, or eliminate emotion from influencing rational deliberation; non-emotive reasoning is therefore considered essential to rational assessment (2000: 222-223; see also Marcus 2003: 183; Elster 1999: 55-76). More specifically, this assumption regarding reason’s primacy over emotion is reflected in international relations and foreign policy analysis via the assumption that it is a pre-condition to optimal political judgement in decision-making contexts; severing emotion from reason in decision-making rationality is considered necessary to efficiently linking means to ends (Marcus 2003: 185). It is evident therefore that any definition of emotion will fail to be satisfying to every scholar. Epistemic commitments, disciplinary considerations, and specific methodologies will undermine the appeal of emotion for certain bodies of scholarship (see Crawford 2000; Fineman 2004). Rose McDermott defines emotion as the following: “Emotion is one of a large set of differentiated biologically based complex conditions that are about something” (2004a, 692). This definition has the advantage offering multiple possible means of deploying the concept of emotion to the study of politics. Academics can assert emotion’s physiological dynamics, its aspects that are socially constructed, or some combination of both. Biologically, emotions are generated by changes in relevant body systems â€" the musculo-skeletal, the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the neurotransmitter and neuroactive peptide systems â€" whose interaction mobilizes and disposes humans to act in particular ways (see McDermott 2004a; Turner 2007: 2). Here, emotions are complex physiological responses to stimuli (external or internal). Emotions are activated via affective systems in the brain processing information and recognizing significance; this recognition produces an automatic behavioural response that contextualizes and informs subsequent cognitive processing. Emotions can also be understood as socially constructed. In this approach, emotions are produced, defined and re-iterated via socialization. Emotions here are shaped by cultural context (Crawford 2000: 128; Fattah Fierke 2009: 69-70). A key argument from this perspective is that the because the beliefs, judgments and desires characteristic of emotion are ultimately contingent, they will vary depending upon social context. Furthermore, cultural contextualization of emotion acts to restrain certain behaviours, while endorsing other cultural values. Therefore, when speaking of a specific emotion such as shame, the substance or meaning of the emotion will have differing understandings depending upon time and place (Cohen Kitayama 2007: 847-850). Moreover, even if one makes the assumption that emotions are universal and unvarying, the subjects and objects to which these emotions are related will be contingent. As Khaled Fattah and K.M. Fierke argue: “… emotions [are] socially meanin gful expressions, which depend on shared customs, uses and institutions … The central question is how experiences are given emotional meaning and how this meaning legitimizes certain forms of action, and thereby shapes future interactions” (2009: 70). A final take on the study of emotion in international relations can be utilized that subdivides emotion into emotions and feelings. Here emotion represents the physiologically derived capacity to emote, and feelings the socially constructed aspect of the concept (Damasio 1994). The value in adopting this method is that emotion is viewed as a biologically innate and universal aspect of human thought, and that its arousal is context specific depending upon the subjectivity of the individual and the contexts and experiences that shaped that subjectivity (see Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D. Damasio, A. R. 1997). Regarding the relation between affect and cognition, Andrew Ross argues: This work lends itself to more open-ended applications and is attentive to the complex mixing of biological and social processes. These sources thus offer constructivists not irrefutable evidence but contestable insights into biological dimensions of social processes. These insights might be used to formulate non-deterministic, historically informed inferences about the role of affect in political life (2006: 204). Emotion is therefore a potentially productive means of linking the material and the social, and in so-doing provides a novel means of better understanding the identity-based dispositions of decisionmakers. Where emotions were once understood as “unimportant outcomes of ‘cold’ cognitive processes, lacking adaptive value at best or constituting maladaptive functioning at worst … it is now clear that emotions are useful as organizational constructs, lending clarity to the relationship between various aspects of situations and an organism’s responses to those situations” (1984: 256). The ontogenetic process of identity formation in all humans is therefore linked to this emotional/cognitive evolution; as we pass through life context and bodily response form mental shortcuts for later assessments of what feels positive or negative about a given context or phenomena (McDermott 2004b: 163). Emotions are therefore central elements in human’s adaptation to social contexts â€" t hey are functionally vital to any capacity for rationality in decision-making. In neuroscientific studies, the affective components of emotion have been found to precede cognitive deliberation. In this way emotions have been found to autonomically simplify cognitively complex situations to produce a more manageable array of choices for decisionmakers. Yet these conscious and unconscious emotional dynamics are also necessary for our social functioning. Jonathan Mercer notes that “People without emotion may know they should be ethical, and may know they should be influenced by norms, and may know that they should not make disastrous financial decisions, but this knowledge is abstract and inert and does not weigh on their decisions (Mercer 2005: 93). Mercer’s argument is that emotion is vital for an actor to relate to social structures; lacking emotionality, actors find themselves socially incapable of functioning appropriately. The study of foreign policy has stressed the failure policymakers to achieve optimal rationality; rationality here being understood as contextualized by “simplified subjective representations of reality” (Tetlock McGuire 2005: 485). The beliefs and expectations that are evident in decision-making have been found to be significantly shaped by a priori assumptions; that is, as Robert Jervis argues, “… actors tend to perceive what they expect” (2005: 463). Thus, cognitivists argue that familiarity a given social context shapes how a given agent is likely to perceive others (Jervis 2005: 471). In conclusion, it is obvious that the above approaches fixate upon errors in judgement, with emotionality contributing solely to these errors. It is also evident that treating emotion as potentially productive and invariably unavoidable to the study of politics and international relations can provide new interpretations and expectations regarding the human capacity for change, how we are enculturated to feel intensely about abstract concepts, and ultimately why social constructs such as the state or ‘nation’ are capable of motivating individuals to obscene acts of violence including a willingness to sacrifice one’s own life in their name. Works Cited: Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D.; Damasio, A. R. “Deciding Advantageously Before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy.” Science, 275.5304 (1997): 1293-1294. Blight, James G. The Shattered Crystal Ball New York: Rowan Littlefield, 1990. Blight, James G. Brenner, Philip. Sad and Luminous Days: Cuba’s Struggle with the Superpowers and the Missile Crisis. New York: Rowan Littlefield, 2002. Campos, Joseph J. Barrett, Karen C. “Toward a New Understanding of Emotions and their Development.” in Carroll E. Izard, Jerome Kagan Robert E. Zajonc (eds.), Emotions, Cognition and Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Cassino, Dan Lodge, Milton. “The Primacy of Affect in Political Evaluations” in W. Russell Neuman, George E. Marcus, Ann N. Cringler Michael Mackuen (eds.) The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Cohen, Dov Kityayama, Shinobu. “Cultural Psychology: This Stanza and the Next.” in Shinobu Kitayama Dov Cohen (eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology. New York: The Gulford Press, 2007. Crawford, Neta. “The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships,” International Security 24 (2000): 116-156. Damasio, Antonio R. Descartes Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain New York: G.P. Putnam, 1994. Elster, Jon. Alchemies of the Mind: Rationality and the Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Fattah, Khaled Fierke, K.M. “A Clash of Emotions: The Politics of Humiliation and Political Violence in the Middle East.” European Journal of Political Science. 15.1 (2009): 67â€"93 Faizullaev, Alisher. “Diplomacy and Self.” Diplomacy and Statecraft, 17 (2006): 497â€"522. Fineman, Stephan. “Getting the Measure of Emotion â€" and the Cautionary Tale of Emotional Iintelligence.” Human Relations. 57.6(2004): 719-740. Houghton, David Patrick. Political Psychology. New York: Routledge, 2008 Houghton, David Patrick. “Analogical Reasoning, Neuroscience, and Emotion: Toward a Hot Cognitive Approach.” Paper presented to ISA annual meeting February, 2009. Marcus, G.E. “Emotion in Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 2000 3: 221-250. Marcus, G.E. “The Psychology of Emotion and Politics.” in David O. Sears, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis (eds.) Oxford Handbook of political psychology, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. McDermott, Rose. “The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science.” Perspectives on Politics. 4 (2004): 691-706. McDermott, Rose. Political Psychology in International Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. Mercer, Jonathan. “Rationality and Psychology in International Politics.” International Organization 1 (2005): 77-106. Mercer, Jonathan. “Human Nature and the First Image: Emotion in International Politics.” Journal of International Relations and Development. 2006 9: 288-303. Mesquita, Batja; Leu, Janxin. “The Cultural Psychology of Emotion.” in Shinobu Kitayama Dov Cohen (eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology. New York: The Guilford Press, 2007. Neuman, W. Russell; Marcus, George E.; Cringler, Ann Mackuen, Michael. “Theorizing Affects Effects.” in W. Russell Neuman, George E. Marcus, Ann N. Cringler Michael Mackuen (eds.) The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007 Ross, Andrew A. “Coming in from the Cold: Constructivism and Emotions,” European Journal of International Relations 12 (2006): 197-222. Rittberger, Volker. Approaches to the Study of Foreign Policy Derived from International Relations Theory.” Paper presented to ISA annual meeting, March 2002. Stein, Janice Gross. “Building Politics into Psychology: The Misperception of Threat.” Political Psychology, 2 (1988): 245-271. Tetlock, Philip McGuire, Charles. “Cognitive Perspectives on Foreign Policy,” in John Ikenberry, ed., American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays, New York: Longman, 2005: 484-500. Voss, James F. Dorsey, Ellen. “Perception and International Relations: An Overview.” in Eric Singer Valerie Hudson (eds.), Political Psychology and Foreign Policy. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1992. Weber, Cynthia. Faking It: U. S. Hegemony in a Post-Phallic era. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999. Zajonc, Robert B. “On the Primacy of Affect.” American Psychologist.” 1984 39.2 (1984): 117â€"23.

Andrew Wolf On Adolescence Child Development And...

Andrew Wolf on Adolescence: Child Development and Psychological Theory Get Out of My Life, But First Could You Drive Me and Cheryl to the Mall?: A Parent’s Guide to the New Teenager by Anthony E. Wolf, Ph.D. addresses the challenges that face teenagers and their parents. Adolescence, which is usually attributed to the time between 13 and 19 years of age, is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence, is addressed by Wolf (Myers, 2014, p. 140). Wolf offers insight to adolescence and offers parents suggestions on navigating this period. This revised edition includes information regarding technology and sexual orientation, as well as an updated section on drugs and drinking. Aspects of different psychological theories are seen in Wolf’s writings. As well, the social, emotional, cognitive, and physical development and the impact on the teen are communicated. Relationship to Child Development (Social, Emotional, Cognitive and/or Physical) In Get Out of My Life, But First Could You Drive Me and Cheryl to the Mall?: A Parent’s Guide to the New Teenager, Wolf takes on the aspects of child development; biosocial, cognitive, and psychosocial. The social, emotional, cognitive, and physical development of the teen are discussed. Physical Development Physical development, or biosocial development, encompasses the growth and changes that happen in a person’s body. Included in biosocial development are the genetic, nutritional, and healthShow MoreRelatedpreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 PagesCalifornia Preschool Learning Foundations Volume 2 Visual and Performing Arts Physical Development Health Publishing Information The California Preschool Learning Foundations (Volume 2) was developed by the Child Development Division, California Department of Education. This publication was edited by Faye Ong, working in cooperation with Laura Bridges and Desiree Soto, Consultants, Child Development Division. It was designed and prepared for printing by the staff of CDE Press, with theRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages91 4 Emotions and Moods 97 What Are Emotions and Moods? 98 The Basic Emotions 100 †¢ The Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect 100 †¢ The Function of Emotions 102 †¢ Sources of Emotions and Moods 103 Emotional Labor 108 Affective Events Theory 110 Emotional Intelligence 112 The Case for EI 113 †¢ The Case Against EI 114 †¢ Emotion Regulation 115 OB Applications of Emotions and Moods 115 Selection 116 †¢ Decision Making 116 †¢ Creativity 116 †¢ Motivation 117 †¢ Leadership 117 †¢ Negotiation 117Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesINTRODUCTION 1 3 THE CRITICAL ROLE OF MANAGEMENT SKILLS The Importance of Competent Managers 6 The Skills of Effective Managers 7 Essential Management Skills 8 What Are Management Skills? 9 Improving Management Skills 12 An Approach to Skill Development 13 Leadership and Management 16 Contents of the Book 18 Organization of the Book 19 Practice and Application 21 Diversity and Individual Differences 21 Summary 23 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 24 Diagnostic Survey and Exercises 24 Personal AssessmentRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesLuis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition Roxy Peck, Chris Olsen, Jay Devore Acquisitions Editor: Carolyn Crockett Development Editor: Danielle Derbenti Assistant Editor: Beth Gershman Editorial Assistant: Ashley Summers Technology Project Manager: Colin Blake Marketing Manager: Joe Rogove Marketing Assistant: Jennifer Liang Marketing Communications Manager: Jessica Perry

Bartleby.com

Bartleby.com Bartleby.com Bartleby.com Bartleby.com Bartleby.com Bartleby.com Bartleby.com Bartleby.com Bartleby.com Bartleby.com Bartleby.com Bartleby.com Bartleby.com

Library of Babel Essay - 1528 Words

In Jorge Luis Borges’ short story â€Å"The Library of Babel†, the author depicts the entire universe in the form of a mysterious and intricate â€Å"Library.† The author gives life to the library by describing the fruit- like â€Å"bulbs† that emit light, as well as a vestibule which contains two compartments for â€Å"sleeping and satisfying one’s physical necessities.† (Borges 112) This library is lined with â€Å"an infinite number of hexagonal galleries,†(Borges 112) containing bookshelves with an immeasurable amount of books. However, most of these books are indecipherable, and therefore, meaningless. Borges’ characterization of the library leads the reader to believe that he is alluding to the numerous books of the Bible. He questions the Bible’†¦show more content†¦Both Adam and Eve were tricked into believing that the fruit will present them with a more fulfilling existence, but instead it proved lackin g and disappointing. Furthermore, the narrator soon after says, â€Å" Thousands of greedy individuals abandoned their sweet native hexagons and rushed upstairs and downstairs, spurred by their vain desire to find their Vindication.† (Borges 115) The â€Å"greedy individuals† the narrator speaks of are a symbol of humankind’s dissatisfaction with its existence, and its constant need to search for something more divine. Thus, the narrator describes Adam and Eve’s fall from Grace, which was â€Å"spurred by their vain desire to find their Vindication.† To further illustrate the universe in the form of a Library, Borges compares the insignificance of man to the majestic configuration of the universe, â€Å"Man, the imperfect librarian, may be the work of chance or of malevolent demiurges; the universe, with its elegant appointments- its bookshelves, its enigmatic books, its indefatigable staircases for the traveler, and its water closets for the seated librarian-can only be the handiwork of a god.† (Borges 113) In this quote, Borges himself insinuates that the Library, like the universe, was created by a higher power. The intricacy of the library’s structure- such as the bookshelves, the innumerable amount ofShow MoreRelatedLibrary Of Babel Analysis1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe Library of Babel, Borges talks about a library that can have all the books that have ever been written. When Borges describes it, he states that â€Å"The universe (which others call the Library) is composed of an indefinite, perhaps an infini te, number of hexagonal galleries, with enormous ventilation shafts in the middle, encircled by very low railings.† In this quote, Borges allows the author to imagine this fantasy library with an â€Å"infinite† number of rooms, but later says that this library isRead MoreThe Library of Babel by Jorge Luis Borges634 Words   |  3 PagesThe Library of Babel by Jorge Luis Borges was about a Library filled with an infinite, or perhaps finite, number hexagon rooms. These hexagons contain all books that exist, and many that have yet to be written. The story describes the last thoughts of a man who has lived in this library universe. The Library itself holds many books that hold perceived power from the knowledge they hold. One of the most incomprehensible concepts he raises is a book that contains all other books within the Library. TheRead MoreA World Of Books By Borges1436 Words   |  6 Pagesample amount of it is the story â€Å"The Library of Babel.† He first mentions them when he says †¦ Of a general theory of the library and the satisfactory resolution of the problem it s no construction yet made clear: the formless and chaotic nature of almost all books. (81) The books in the library all have millions of different variations of each other. This chaotic list of randomly unnecessary copies of each book maximizes the level of entropy output in the library. Which is already big enough to takeRead MorePurpose of Creation Myths836 Words   |  3 Pagesmyth is that documented in the Epic of Gilgamesh. In this epic, the problems of life and living are the primary and overriding theme. Nonetheless, most of the creation theories explain the confusion of tongues and the tower of Babel. For instance, the aspect of the tower of Babel is in the creation accounts of the Syrians, Greek, Chinese, Sumerian, Hindu, and Babylonians among others (Ellis 13). The enormous flood documented in Genesis is in the creation myths of the Incas and the Hopi Indians. In summaryRead MoreHighly Motivated And Eager To Learn Essay778 Words   |  4 Pageswhich I catch a glimpse of a distant city which would take a lifetime just to walk through, or stumble upon a library i n that city with more books than I could ever count, let alone read, or find a book in that library about far greater libraries which are now so much dust in the wind. nbsp; A turning point in my understanding was a famous Borges story called The Library of Babel. Here I learned that there is no discernable difference between an infinite number and very large finite numberRead MoreHenry David Hwang ( M. Butterfly )1558 Words   |  7 Pagesmake statement on the unavoidable creative procedure, misses or conceals a bit of the reality of it. Byatt acknowledged an inspiration moment for Possession as the time she come across with a famous Coleridge scholar working in the British library and â€Å"mused that much of what she {Byatt} knew of Coleridge had been filtered through that individual †¦ adding that ‘I though, it’s almost like a case of demonic possession, and I wondered, has she eaten up hers?’† Byatt thought of writing a novelRead MoreOrder and Chaos2780 Words   |  12 Pagesand intolerance of other views. One view can not exist without the other ,and they are both impractical and incomplete. The joining of the two is essential for a human being and the world as a whole. This point is clearly illustrated in the Library of Babel where all was known ,yet chaos was rampant because no faith could exist. Music can sometimes sound random, chaotic, and spontaneous but all music has a certain structure and fundamental elements. Though music has many benefits its main objectiveRead MoreTheme Of Heroes In Fahrenheit 451701 Words   |  3 Pagesand unnecessary, as well as, leads firemen who seek out and annihilate them. â€Å"You know the law,’ said Beatty. ‘Wheres your common sense? None of those books agree with each other. Youve been locked up here for years with a regular damned Tower of Babel† (35). Beatty is saying to a woman that her books are against the law and that they make no sense before she kills herself. Beatty exhibits no remorse for the woman when he mentions, â€Å"don’t worry about it† to Montag and doesn’t care. â€Å"Clarisse McClellanRead MoreA Brief Look at Genesis832 Words   |  3 Pagessinned and were exiled from the Garden of Eden. We see the God’s judgment in the flood. This is where God sees our evil and flood s the Earth only sparing Noah and his family. Our foolish acts that lead to various languages and nations from the tower of Babel can be found in Genesis 10:1-11:9. The patriarchs of the Bible begin here. The stories of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph can be found within Genesis. This is the creation of the covenant relationship with God. The Abrahamic Covenant begins hereRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury944 Words   |  4 Pagesown personality and beliefs. For example, You know the law, said Beatty. Where s your common sense? None of those books agree with each other. You ve been locked up here for years with a regular damned Tower of Babel Beatty speaking to the owner of a hidden library who lights herself on fire along with her books. This passage highlights the argument about why books should be illegal. The mentality is controlled by the old fashioned thoughts of communism. Society should be able to control

Corporate Law Business Continuity

Question: Describe about the Corporate Law for Business Continuity. Answer: 1. The factual scenario suggests that Jack, Jill and Max are the owners of a business. No appropriate business structure is formulated by them even though they are doing the business from past 12 months. Since the business is progressing rapidly, thus, there is a need to update the structuring of their business. In such scenario, an advised is furnished to them only after availing the advantages and disadvantages of the prevailing business structures. Generally the two options to conduct business are either by way of a partnership or by way of a company. A partnership is a business organization which can be established by two or more persons with the motive to seek profit and to carry business in continuity (Egert 2007). Thus, since all Jack, Jill and Max are three personnels thus they can carry their business by way of partnership and there are various advantages attached to the same. Such as, if a partnership is formed by them, then, (Legal Vision 2015) Confidentiality can be established as no outsiders are permitted to take part of the business. So, only Jack, Jill and Max will be liable to conduct business and maintain the secrecy of the company. All Jack, Jill and Max can avail several tax gains which are provided only when the business is running in a partnership form. All Jack, Jill and Max can easily avail investment as they will themselves provide finance for the business. They have to spend much less for the formulation of a partnership But, there are few difficulties that can also be faced by them, for instance. (Legal Vision 2015) All Jack, Jill and Max are agents of each other and the firm and they will be personally liable to all the liabilities of the firm as a partnership is not a separate legal entity and has no separate existence in the eyes of law. Further, Jack, Jill and Max have to face capital gain tax if there is a mere change in the partnership of the firm. Also, minor change of the partnership will result in its dissolution. In order to resolve the disadvantages, Jack, Jill and Max, may also establish a company. A company can be formed by registration. Once a company is formed then it is considered as an artificial person in law and has its separate legal entity (Kobras 2016). If a company is formed by Jack, Jill and Max then the various advantages that can be availed by them are: (Whiteside 2014) There liability would have been limited as once a company is firmed then it separate from its members and the acts of the company are of its own ad alone. Jack, Jill and Max are liable only to the value of their shareholdings. They can acquire property in the name of the company. They can sue in the name of the company and it is the company who would be sued and not the members directly. There would be no disputes amid Jack, Jill and Max as not all the members take part on the working of the company. The company would not be dissolved even if anyone of Jack, Jill and Max will leave the company. But, there are few drawbacks of a colony. Such as: Huge costs are faced by Jack, Jill and Max for the registration process. The tax liability is heavy on a company. Jack, Jill and Max have to comply with ASIC rules violation of which will make them liable personally. After comparing the structuring of a partnership and a company, it is advised to Jack, Jill and Max that they must form a company as their liability will be limited and there are chances of less disputes when compared with a partnership. there is no easy dissolution and they can also seek investment easily. Thus, they should form a company instead of a partnership. 2. Issues There are two basic issues that are raised. Whether Betty actions would make Child Toys Pty Ltd (company 1) liable to corporate liability? What kind of actions can be taken against Charles by company 1? Relevant Law When any company is formed din Australia, then, it has a separate legal entity in the eyes of law and the actions which are undertaken by the company officers are in the name of the company alone (Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd (1897)) (Puig 2000). However, if any agent acts on behalf of the company and within his authority then such actions of an agent will make the company liable for the same under the law of vicarious liability and is held in Hollis v Vabu (2001) (Carthy 2004). However, if an employee undertakes an action then a company can still be held liable for the actions of such an employee under the concept of corporate liability. But, in United States v Milwaukee Refrigerator Co (1905) court has submit that if the employees of the company undertake actions to defeat the public good then the corporate veil of the company can be pierced and the company can be held liable directly for the actions of the employee. A company can be held liable both under the criminal law and civil l aw for incurring frauds, deception and for avoidance of crime. (Schulte 1994) Also, when a company is formed then such company takes several contractual relationships with its employee. One of the general terms that is used while making such employment contracts is non-compete clause. According to a non-compete clause whenever an employee leaves the company then he is not permitted to carry out the similar business within soc specific geographical region or within some limited time frame, etc. Such clause is valid because the company needs to protect his confidentially and good will which may get hampered if the ex-employee is permitted to exploit the sources of the company to his own benefit (AGA Assistance Australia Pty Ltd v Tokody (2012)). However, such clauses are valid only when are limited to number of years, or not against public policy and must be legitimate in its operations. (Hill 2015) When the ex-employee forms a new company and tries to take the benefit of the new companies separate legal existence in order to avoid the legal implications of the non-compete clause, then, the courts have pierced the veil of the new company in order to make the ex-employee liable for the breach of non-compete clauses. Thus, the application of non-compete clause is very essential for the preserving of the interest of the company. Application Now as per the facts, Company 1 is a registered incorporation and thus has a separate legal existence in the eyes of law. Its only director is Marty. As per Salmon principle Company 1 is distinct from Marty and the actions of the caiman are of its alone and will not make Marty liable. However, Betty is an employee of Company1 and acts like a sales Peron. He has used harmful plastic chemicals in the toys which has caused a serious injury to a child. By applying the law of corporate liability, company 1 will be held directly liable for the actions of Betty and civil and criminal actions must be imposed upon it, a commons cannot take the shield of a separate legal existence when fraud or public harm is caused because if the actions of its employee. Further, Charles is the employee of the company he is very senior in his post and thus is aware of the company major clients and requirements. But, the company has made a contract with Charles according to whom whenever Charles will leave the company then he has restrictions under the non-compete clause for two years. It is submitted the non-compete clause are valid provided the same are necessary for preserving the good will and confidentiality of the company. It is submitted that Charles is at a senior post and is aware of most of the confidential matters of the company, thus, the non-compete clause is valid But, he tried to form a new company with May and deals in a business which is in competition with his old company, it is submitted that ins such situation, the veil of the new company should be pierced in order to consider Charles and the new company as one and the non-compete clause must be applied in order to apply the interest of the company and the public. Thus, company can take actions against Charles for the breach of non-compete calk use. Conclusion It is concluded that Betty is the employee of Company 1 and his actions will make the company liable under corporate liability concept and civil and criminal liabilities can be imposed upon the company. Also, Charles is an ex-employee of the company and formation of the new company by him wills not relieve him from the application of non-compete clause as the veil of the company will be pierced on order to make him liable personally. Reference List AGA Assistance Australia Pty Ltd v Tokody (2012). Egert G (2007) Defining a Partnership: The Traditional Approach Versus An Innovative Departure - Do Queensland Appeal Court Decisions Point to the Need for a Review of the Traditional Approach to Interpretation Adopted by Australian Courts? (Online). Available at: https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1332context=blr. Viewed on 8th September 2016. Hollis v Vabu (2001). Hill (2015) Are non-compete clauses worth the paper they're written on? (Online). Available at: https://community.hrdaily.com.au/profiles/blogs/are-non-compete-clauses-worth-the-paper-they-re-written-on. Viewed on 8th September 2016. Kobras S (2016) Business structure in Australia (Online). Available at: https://www.schweizer.com.au/articles/Business_Structures_in_Australia_(SK00125445).pdf. Viewed on 8th September 2016. Legalvision (2015) Business Structures: The advantages disadvantages of operating under a partnership model (Online). Available at: https://legalvision.com.au/business-structures-the-advantages-disadvantages-of-operating-under-a-partnership-model/. Viewed on 8th September 2016. McCarthy (2004) Vicarious Liability In The Agency Context (Online). Available at: https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:5GF9en2dc1EJ:https://lr.law.qut.edu.au/article/download/204/198+cd=1hl=enct=clnkgl=in. Viewed on 8th September 2016. Puig EV (2000) A Two-Edged Sword: Salomon and the Separate Legal Entity Doctrine, Volume 7, Number 3. Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd (1897). Schulte R (1994) The Future of Corporate Limited Liability in Australia (Online). Available at: https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1088context=blr. Viewed on 8th September 2016. United States v Milwaukee Refrigerator Co (1905). Whiteside (2014) Starting a Business: Sole Trader vs Company (Online). Available at: https://easycompanies.com.au/blog/starting-a-business-sole-trader-vs-company/. Viewed on 8th September 2016.

Crucible And Scarlet Letter Essays (394 words) -

Crucible And Scarlet Letter Part IV Task The quote, "Our problems are manmade: therefore, they may be solved by man... No problem of human destiny is beyond human beings." by President John F. Kennedy, holds truth. In other words, we create our own problems and make our own choices on how to solve them, in turn, controlling our own destiny. This quote is proven in the play The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, and in the novel The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Crucible by Arthur Miller uses irony and theme to support the quote. A major theme was jealousy, produced from Abigail. She was envious of Elizabeth's marriage to John Proctor. In order to solve her problem she chose to accuse Elizabeth of witchcraft, hoping Elizabeth would be tried and executed. Irony was put into play when John told the court that Elizabeth never lies, always telling the truth no matter how consequential it can be. When a judge asked Elizabeth if her husband actually committed adultery with Abigail she fabricated her first lie, to protect her husband from shame. This lie concluded Abigail as the truthful one, not confirming her husband's position at all. Elizabeth went against her beliefs to solve a hurried problem that did not allow her to solve it in the manner she wished. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne uses characterization and irony. The story line portrays strong characterization within the physician. He devotes all of his time into finding out who had an affair with his wife. Once he discovers whom it is, he is not satisfied, and continues to taunt this man in order to make another life miserable. After a confession was finally declared, the sole purpose of the physician's life diminished, which eventually killed him. At any duration, the doctor could have accepted the truth and moved on with his life, yet he refused to. The Scarlet Letter worn on Hester's chest was a symbol of one who sinned. Hester was looked down upon from others and constantly worried about the glance she received from people. She let that affect her way of life. Finally she took her problem into her own hands accepted the badge as a part of her, her courageous self. This also ironically becomes a safe way for her daughter to recognize her mother by. The quote by John F. Kennedy is accurate as proven in the play The Crucible and the novel The Scarlet Letter. We create our own problems, controlling our own destiny, through our own choices.